Ecological restoration of abandoned mines within giant panda habitat based on Maxent model and circuit theory
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摘要:
为提高大熊猫栖息地内废弃矿山的生态修复效率和针对性，基于最大熵（Maxent）模型和电路理论，以大熊猫国家公园（四川雅安片区）历史遗留废弃矿山生态修复示范工程项目区域为研究区，对大熊猫适宜生境及影响生境的主要环境变量进行分析，识别生态源地与生态廊道，并提出相应的生态修复策略。结果显示：大熊猫取食竹分布、高程、土壤类型及厚度是影响区域内大熊猫生境的4个主要环境变量，其最适宜生境条件为存在大熊猫取食竹、高程为2 290~3 250 m、土壤类型为暗棕壤或棕壤、土壤厚度为65~86 cm；研究区内不适宜及低适宜区面积占比为75.96%，区域废弃矿山范围内不适宜及低适宜区占比为92.23%，大熊猫适宜生境较为破碎；研究区生态源地数量多且分散，生态廊道数量多且长，其分布受到废弃矿山等因素的影响；区域废弃矿山生态修复时，应分别从区域整体和环境变量出发，重点修复宝兴区域及荥经、石棉区域的一级生态源地和廊道，修复时主要考虑取食竹分布、高程、土壤类型及厚度等对大熊猫生境影响较大的环境变量，并参考其最适宜生境条件为目标进行修复，修复完成后需加强监测管护。该方法能够发现大熊猫适宜生境的环境条件和分布范围，确定重点生态修复区域及修复策略，以此提高修复效率和质量，促进大熊猫等珍稀野生动物种群的恢复和繁衍。
Abstract:In order to improve the efficiency and pertinence of ecological restoration of abandoned mines in the habitat of giant pandas, based on Maxent model and circuit theory, the ecological restoration demonstration project area of abandoned mines within Giant Panda National Park (Ya'an region, Sichuan) was taken as the research zone. The suitable habitats for giant pandas and the main environmental variables affecting the habitat of giant pandas were analyzed, the ecological sources and ecological corridors were identified, and the corresponding ecological restoration strategies were proposed. The results showed that the distribution of bamboo for giant pandas, elevation, soil type, and soil thickness were the four main environmental variables affecting the habitat of giant pandas in the area, and the most suitable habitat conditions were the existence of bamboo for giant pandas, an elevation of 2 290-3 250 m, a soil type of dark brown soil or brown soil, and a soil thickness of 65-86 cm. The area of unsuitable and low-suitable areas accounted for 75.96% of the study area, and the area of unsuitable and low-suitable areas within the abandoned mines accounted for 92.23%. The suitable habitat of giant pandas was relatively fragmented. The study area had a large number of scattered ecological sources and long ecological corridors, and their distribution was affected by abandoned mines and other factors. During the ecological restoration of the abandoned mines in the area, it is necessary to start from the overall situation and environmental variables of the area, focusing on the restoration of the primary ecological sources and corridors in the Baoxing area and the Yingjing and Shimian areas. During the restoration process, it is necessary to consider the environmental variables that have a greater impact on the habitat of giant pandas, such as bamboo for food, elevation, soil type, and thickness, and refer to the most suitable habitat conditions as the target for restoration. After the restoration is completed, it is necessary to strengthen monitoring and management. This method can obtain the environmental conditions and distribution range of the suitable habitat of giant pandas, determine the key ecological restoration areas and restoration strategies, and improve the efficiency and quality of restoration, thus promoting the recovery and reproduction of rare wild animal populations such as giant pandas.
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Key words:
- giant panda /
- abandoned mine /
- ecological restoration /
- Maxent model /
- circuit theory
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图 6 区域大熊猫生境适宜性分布
Figure 6. Regional distribution map of habitat suitability for giant pandas
图 7 区域大熊猫生态源地与廊道分布
Figure 7. Regional ecological source and corridor distribution map of giant panda
表 1 环境变量信息
Table 1. Environmental variable information table
环境变量 简称 空间精度/m 大熊猫取食竹分布 Bamboo — 高程/m Elevation 12.5 坡度/(°) Slope 12.5 坡向/(°) Aspect 12.5 地表覆盖类型 LC_types 30 与河流水系最短距离/m D_water 90 年归一化植被指数最大值 NDVI 30 土壤厚度/cm S_thickness 90 土壤类型 S_types 1 000 土壤有机碳/(g/m2) 深度0~5 cm SOC0-5 90 深度5~15 cm SOC5-15 90 深度15~30 cm SOC15-30 90 
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表 2 环境变量相对贡献统计
Table 2. Statistical table of relative contributions of environmental variables
环境变量 贡献率/% 排列重要性/% 大熊猫取食竹分布 44.0 18.0 土壤类型 13.4 7.8 高程 7.8 22.7 土壤厚度 7.6 20.0 与河流水系最短距离 5.9 10.3 年归一化植被指数最大值 5.9 4.3 坡向 4.9 4.2 地表覆盖类型 4.3 3.5 坡度 4.2 5.3 土壤有机碳（深度0~30 cm） 2.1 3.9
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表 3 生态源地分级统计
Table 3. Statistical table of ecological source classification
区域 生态源地
等级数量/个 数量
占比/%面积/
km2面积
占比/%平均
面积/km2宝兴区域 一级 1 1.11 245.67 35.52 245.67 二级 15 16.67 161.87 23.40 10.79 三级 59 65.56 236.77 34.23 4.01 荥经区域 一级 2 2.22 10.67 1.54 5.34 二级 3 3.33 6.89 1.00 2.30 三级 2 2.22 3.56 0.51 1.78 石棉区域 一级 2 2.22 11.52 1.67 5.76 二级 4 4.45 7.89 1.14 1.97 三级 2 2.22 6.83 0.99 3.42
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表 4 生态廊道分级统计
Table 4. Statistical table of ecological corridor grades
区域 生态廊道
等级数量/条 数量
占比/%长度/m 长度
占比/%平均
长度/m宝兴区域 一级 15 9.09 1 960 0.72 131 二级 33 20.00 8 648 3.17 262 三级 96 58.18 165 882 60.82 1 728 荥经区域 一级 2 1.21 26 843 9.84 13 422 二级 3 1.82 14 243 5.22 4 748 三级 3 1.82 35 879 13.16 11 960 石棉区域 一级 2 1.21 42 0.02 21 二级 6 3.64 3 586 1.31 598 三级 5 3.03 15 651 5.74 3 130
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