Study on microbial community structure and functional characteristics of typical rural black and odorous water bodies in Qingdao
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摘要:
微生物深度参与了农村黑臭水体形成过程，充分了解其群落结构与功能特征对明确黑臭水体形成机理及其有效治理具有重要意义。以胶州市、平度市、莱西市的坑塘型与沟渠型2种类型共29条农村黑臭水体为研究对象，分析不同类型水体的水质特性与黑臭程度，并基于16S rRNA高通量测序，阐述水体微生物群落特征及其与水质特性的响应关系，预测微生物群落的生态功能。结果表明：坑塘型与沟渠型水体的氨氮（NH3-N）、溶解氧（DO）、透明度平均值分别为17.4 mg/L、5.63 mg/L、13.9 cm及9.3 mg/L、6.25 mg/L、15.5 cm，黑臭程度前者高于后者；2种类型水体微生物均以化能异养菌为主，且坑塘型水体微生物群落多样性大于沟渠型。作为优势菌门，厚壁菌门在坑塘型水体中平均相对丰度（32.10%）高于沟渠型水体（18.29%）；而作为优势纲，γ-变形菌纲在坑塘型水体中平均相对丰度（27.86%）低于沟渠型水体（42.74%）；嗜冷杆菌属、黄杆菌属等作为优势菌属在2种类型黑臭水体中的相对丰度差别不大。NH3-N及DO浓度与2种类型水体中优势菌属存在显著相关性（P<0.05），是水体中影响微生物群落特征的关键因素。FAPROTAX预测结果表明，有机物有氧代谢与尿素分解发酵是研究区典型农村黑臭水体微生物群落的主要功能，且坑塘型水体具有更高的氮代谢潜力。
Abstract:Microorganisms play a significant role in the formation process of rural black and odorous water bodies. It is of great significance to fully understand their community structure and functional characteristics in order to clarify the mechanism of black and odorous water formation and implement effective governance measures. To this end, a total of 29 rural black and odorous water bodies, including pit-pond type and ditch type, in Jiaozhou City, Pingdu City, and Laixi City were studied. The water quality characteristics and black odor levels in different types of water bodies were analyzed. Based on the 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, the microbial community characteristics of the water bodies and their response relationship with the water quality characteristics were described, and the ecological functions of microbial communities were predicted. The results showed that the average values of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), dissolved oxygen (DO), and transparency were 17.4 mg/L, 5.63 mg/L, 13.9 cm and 9.3 mg/L, 6.25 mg/L, 15.5 cm in the water bodies of the pit-pond type and the ditch type, respectively, and the degree of black and odorous was higher in the former type. Microorganisms of the two types were dominated by chemoenergetic heterotrophs, and the diversity of the microbial community was greater in the pit-pond type. As a dominant phylum, the average relative abundance of phylum Firmicutes in pit-pond type water bodies was 32.10% higher than that of 18.29% in ditch type water bodies, while as a dominant class, the class γ-Proteobacteria had an average relative abundance of 27.86% in pit-pond type water bodies lower than that of 42.74% in ditch type water bodies, and there was not much difference in the relative abundance of Psychrobacter and Flavobacterium as dominant genera in the two types of water bodies. NH3-N and DO concentrations were significantly correlated (P<0.05) with the dominant genera of the two types of water bodies, which were the key factors influencing the microbial community characteristics. FAPROTAX predictions indicated that aerobic metabolism of organic matter and urea decomposition fermentation were the main functions of microbial communities in typical rural black and odorous water bodies in the region, and a higher nitrogen metabolism potential was found in the pit-pond type.
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图 1 研究区域农村黑臭水体采样点布设
Figure 1. Layout map of sampling points of rural black and odorous water bodies in the study area
图 2 研究区域农村黑臭水体照片
Figure 2. Photos of rural black and odorous water bodies in the study area
图 3 沟渠型和坑塘型黑臭水体表层水样理化指标
Figure 3. Physical and chemical parameters of surface water samples in ditch type and pit-pond type black and odorous water bodies
图 4 沟渠型和坑塘型黑臭水体表层水微生物群落α多样性指数
Figure 4. α diversity of microbial communities in the surface water of ditch type and pit-pond-type black and odorous water bodies
图 5 沟渠型和坑塘型黑臭水体表层水样中细菌群落门水平Circos图
注：内圈左半圈表示黑臭水体中物种组成，彩带的颜色代表物种，长度代表该物种在对应水体中的相对丰度；内圈右半圈彩带颜色代表不同分组，长度代表该水体在某一物种中的分布比例。外圈左半圈代表不同分组，彩带的颜色表示来自哪一分组；外圈右半圈代表不同物种，长度表示该物种的相对丰度。
Figure 5. Circos diagram of bacterial community at the phylum level in the surface water samples of ditch type and pit-pond type black and odorous water bodies
图 6 沟渠型和坑塘型黑臭水体表层水样中细菌群落纲水平物种分布
Figure 6. Distribution of species of bacterial community in the surface water samples of black and odorous water bodies of ditch type and pit-pond type at the class level
图 7 沟渠型和坑塘型黑臭水体表层水样中细菌群落属水平物种分布
Figure 7. Distribution of species of bacterial community in the surface water samples of black and odorous water bodies of ditch type and pit-pond type at the genus level
图 8 黑臭水体表层水样中细菌群落相对丰度与水质特征指标的相关性
注：*表示P<0.05；**表示P<0.01。SD为透明度。
Figure 8. Correlation between relative abundance of bacterial communities and water quality characteristic indicators in black andodorous water surface samples
图 9 基于FAPROTAX的农村黑臭水体表层水微生物功能预测
Figure 9. Prediction of microbial functional profiles in surface water of rural black and odorous water bodies based on FAPROTAX
表 1 研究区域农村黑臭水体基本情况
Table 1. Basic situation of rural black and odorous water bodies in the study area
所在县市 水体编号 水体类型 水域面积/m2 水深/m 胶州市 D2 沟渠 1 373 3.0 D4 沟渠 60 0.5 D5 沟渠 6 252 2.0 D8 沟渠 4 800 3.0 P2 坑塘 905 5.0 P3 坑塘 1 963 2.0 P5 坑塘 9 251 3.0 P8 坑塘 27 904 1.5 P12 坑塘 1766 3.0 P15 坑塘 200 0.5 P20 坑塘 2 787 1.5 莱西市 D1 沟渠 1 192 0.3 D3 沟渠 1 200 0.2 D6 沟渠 500 0.5 D7 沟渠 2 060 0.5 P21 坑塘 260 0.5 平度市 P1 坑塘 672 2.0 P4 坑塘 294 0.5 P6 坑塘 1 271 0.2 P7 坑塘 5 715 1.5 P9 坑塘 823 0.6 P10 坑塘 5 805 3.0 P11 坑塘 140 0.3 P13 坑塘 310 1.2 P14 坑塘 1 100 0.2 P16 坑塘 415 0.5 P17 坑塘 647 1.5 P18 坑塘 605 0.3 P19 坑塘 1 530 1.5 
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