湖库蓝藻水华控制技术发展、应用及展望

曹晶; 袁静; 赵丽; 潘正国; 闫国凯; 高思佳; 储昭升; 郑丙辉

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20230453

湖库蓝藻水华控制技术发展、应用及展望

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20230453

曹晶^{1, 2,},
袁静¹,
赵丽¹,
潘正国³,
闫国凯¹,
高思佳¹,
储昭升^1, ,,
郑丙辉¹

1.
湖泊水污染治理与生态修复技术国家工程实验室，中国环境科学研究院
2.
清华大学环境学院
3.
无锡德林海环保科技股份有限公司

基金项目: 国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项（2017ZX07401003）

详细信息

作者简介:
曹晶(1989—)，女，助理研究员，博士研究生，主要从事湖库蓝藻水华研究，caojj2014@163.com

通讯作者:
储昭升(1973—)，男，研究员，主要从事湖泊水体修复及蓝藻水华发生机理研究，chuzssci@yeah.net

中图分类号: X524
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-06-16

Development, application and prospect of cyanobacteria blooms control technology in lakes and reservoirs

1.
National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences
2.
School of Environment, Tsinghua University
3.
Wuxi Delinhai Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd.

摘要

摘要:
蓝藻水华暴发会引起供水系统堵塞、水体异味、水生生物死亡等一系列生态环境问题，严重时还将威胁饮用水安全，因此采取切实有效的蓝藻水华控制技术对蓝藻水华防控至关重要。通过文献调研系统梳理了国内外蓝藻水华控制技术发展历程，综述了典型蓝藻水华控制技术及其适用范围、应用情况及优缺点等。结果表明：蓝藻水华控制技术总体分为物理控藻技术、化学控藻技术和生物控藻技术。从技术文献关键词时间发展脉络看，2010年之前国外蓝藻水华控制技术关键词多集中在絮凝、混凝等化学控藻技术，2010年后向水生植物抑藻等生物控藻技术发展；我国蓝藻水华控制技术关键词2010年前主要集中在鲢鳙鱼控藻、水生植物抑藻等生物控藻技术，2010年后超声波、机械除藻等物理控藻技术和絮凝等化学控藻技术快速发展，2015年后物理控藻技术进一步发展。国外蓝藻水华控制技术于20世纪50年代起步于化学控藻技术，2000年后研发了超声波、光波等物理控藻技术，2010年后主要以生物控藻和化学控藻技术为主；国内蓝藻水华控制技术于20世纪80年代起步于针对小型水体的生物控藻技术，2000年后逐渐发展为针对大型湖库的机械除藻技术（物理控藻技术）。物理控藻、化学控藻技术的应急效果显著，但物理控藻技术存在成本高、长效性不足等缺点，化学控藻技术存在二次污染风险；而生物控藻技术存在见效慢、有外来物种入侵风险、生态系统被扰乱风险等生态安全问题，目前实际应用案例较少。未来应加快推进蓝藻水华控制技术优化筛选和示范应用，同时开展蓝藻水华控制技术与内外源污染控制、水生态修复等技术的集成应用，提高蓝藻水华控制效果。
- 湖库 /
- 蓝藻水华 /
- 控制技术 /
- 物理控藻 /
- 化学控藻
Abstract:
Cyanobacteria blooms will cause a series of ecological environment problems such as the water supply system blockage, water odor, aquatic death, etc., and even threaten the safety of drinking water. Therefore, effective control technology is very important for the prevention and control of cyanobacteria blooms. The development history of cyanobacteria blooms control technology at home and abroad was summarized through literature research, and application scope, application situation, advantages and disadvantages of typical cyanobacteria blooms control technology were reviewed. The algal bloom control technology can be divided into physical algal control technology, chemical algal control technology and biological algal control technology. From the perspective of the time development of key words in technical literature, before 2010, foreign cyanobacteria bloom control technology mainly focused on chemical algal control technology such as flocculation and coagulation, and after 2010, it developed to biological algal control technology such as aquatic plant algal suppression. Before 2010, China's cyanobacteria bloom control technologies mainly focused on biological algal control technologies such as silver carp bighthys algae control and aquatic plant algae suppression. After 2010, physical algal control technologies such as ultrasonic and mechanical algal removal and chemical algal control technologies such as flocculation developed rapidly. After 2015, physical algal control technology further developed. Foreign cyanobacteria bloom control technology started from chemical algal control technology in the 1950s, and developed physical algal control technology such as ultrasonic wave and light wave after 2000, and mainly biological algal control and chemical algal control technology after 2010. Domestic cyanobacteria bloom control technology started from biological algal control technology for small water bodies in the 1980s, and gradually developed into mechanical algal removal technology (physical algal control technology) for large lakes and reservoirs after 2000. Physical algal control technology and chemical algal control technology have significant emergency effects, but physical algal control technology has disadvantages such as high cost and insufficient long-term performance, and chemical algal control technology has secondary pollution risk. However, the biological algal control technology has some ecological security problems, such as slow effect, risk of invasion of alien species, and risk of disturbance of ecosystem, so there are few practical application cases. In the future, the optimization, screening and demonstration application of cyanobacteria bloom control technology should be accelerated, and the integrated application of cyanobacteria bloom control technology with internal and external pollution control and water ecological restoration technologies should be carried out to improve the effect of cyanobacteria bloom control.
- lakes and reservoirs /
- cyanobacterial blooms /
- control technology /
- physical algal control technology /
- chemical algal control technology

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图 1 蓝藻水华控制技术中英文文献发表数量年变化趋势

Figure 1. Annual trend of English and Chinese literature publications on cyanobacteria blooms control technology

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图 2 蓝藻水华控制技术文献发表数量占比变化

Figure 2. Proportion changes in the literature publications on cyanobacteria blooms control technology

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图 3 蓝藻水华控制技术英文文献关键词时间发展脉络

Figure 3. Time progression diagram of English literature on cyanobacteria blooms control technology

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图 4 蓝藻水华控制技术中文文献关键词时间发展脉络

Figure 4. Time progression diagram of Chinese literature on cyanobacteria blooms control technology

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表 1 典型蓝藻水华控制技术适用范围及优缺点

Table 1. Application range, advantages and shortages of typical cyanobacteria bloom control technology

技术分类	技术名称		适用范围	作用效果	国内应用情况	优点	缺点
物理控藻技术	超声波控藻技术		有藻华堆积趋势的小型湖泊或景观水体，Chla>50 μg/L^[63]	适宜频率和强度可使60%以上藻类沉降	成功应用于银川市中山公园银湖^[57]、上海曲阳公园景观湖^[58]、深圳某水库围栏^[59]、三峡库区澎溪河流域^[61]	沉降效果好，应急速度较快	可能造成藻细胞破裂，藻毒素释放
物理控藻技术	水力控藻技术	曝气充氧技术	有水华发生的表层水体，Chla>100 μg/L ^[63]	溶解氧浓度增加	多与其他技术组合使用^[65]	快速增氧，防止黑臭	持续曝气可能会引起沉积物再悬浮和营养盐释放
		扬水筒曝气抑藻技术	有藻类及温度垂直分层的深水（>10 m）水体，Chla<100 μg/L^[44]	溶解氧浓度增加，藻类垂直分布格局被打破，Chla削减率在40%以上^[44]	多应用于深水水库，如西安市黑河金盆水库^[66]	无二次污染	受限于有藻类分层的水体，浅水湖泊一般不适用
		密度流扩散抑藻技术	与外部水交换困难的闭锁性水域，温度有垂直分层的深水（>10 m）水体，Chla<80 μg/L^[67]	藻类垂直分布格局被打破，表层Chla削减率为60%~80%^[67]，无明显蓝藻堆积	成功应用于日本东京某海域内湾^[67]，国内鲜见报道	利用水体自身密度差打破垂直热分层，能耗低、应用灵活	受限于有温度分层的水体
	机械除藻技术		有明显水华堆积的近岸水域，Chla>500 μg/L	实现近岸堆积藻类的日聚日清，蓝藻去除率>70%	成功应用于太湖、巢湖、滇池等^[48-49]	将蓝藻进行异位处理，有效减少水体藻量	处理量过小、处理效率不高
	黏土絮凝技术		藻华暴发初期的小水体或局部水域，Chla<200 μg/L^[63]	藻类在短时间内快速沉降	大多在实验阶段，在滇池围隔区域有应用^[80]	天然无毒、使用方便、吸附效果明显	藻细胞暂时沉降，存在潜在生态风险
	加压控藻技术		有水华堆积的近岸水域，Chla>200 μg/L	透明度快速提升，蓝藻沉降率>70%	应用于太湖、巢湖、滇池、星云湖等^[48]	能耗低、效率高、运行成本低	蓝藻仍留在水体，存在潜在生态风险
化学控藻技术	化学杀藻剂		小型水体、景观水体	除藻效果明显，Chla削减率>90%	应用于滇池草海特定水域^[111]	速度快、效果好	有二次污染风险
化学控藻技术	化学混凝/絮凝技术		小水体或局部水域，Chla>1500 μg/L^[63]，常与其他技术联用	蓝藻去除率>80%^[63]	对藻类进行异位处理，未见直接作用于水体中藻类处理的报道^[112]	沉降速度快，透明度提升效果好	一些有机高分子絮凝剂存在二次污染风险
生物控藻技术	微生物制剂		小型水体或试验水体，藻华暴发初期，Chla<200 μg/L	溶藻率>70%^[87]	多处于实验阶段	见效快	微生物控制难度大，后续潜在的生态风险高
	生物操纵技术		面积较小水体或试验水域，藻华暴发初期，Chla<50 μg/L	对藻类控制率>60%	成功应用于太湖、滇池特定水域^[37-38,104]	安全、无二次污染风险	控制效果较慢，应急效果较差
	水生植物抑藻技术		富营养化程度低、藻细胞密度较低的水体，藻密度低于 3 000万个/L^[111]	藻细胞密度减少率为25%~50%^[107]	太湖、星云湖、滇池、武汉沙湖等^[113]	效果好、费用低、材料易得、二次污染风险小	生长管理难度大，不确定性强

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