Phosphorus morphology characteristics and its response to climate change in Xingkai Lake
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摘要:
兴凯湖是亚洲东北部最大的淡水湖，水体总磷（TP）浓度超标是近年来兴凯湖水质下降的主要原因，气候可能对区域水质有重要的影响。以兴凯湖中国湖区为研究区域，通过分析兴凯湖水体磷素时空变化特征，探究其主要组成形态，明确区域内气候因子变化对兴凯湖水体TP浓度的影响。结果表明：1）2010—2021年，兴凯湖水体TP浓度整体呈先降后升的趋势，冰封期水质状况优于非冰封期，大兴凯湖TP浓度相较于小兴凯湖更高。2）2022年5月磷形态数据表明，大、小兴凯湖水体TP主要由颗粒态磷（PP）组成（占比为60%和76%），PP是大、小兴凯湖TP超标的主要形态；小兴凯湖的PP与溶解磷浓度表现为北部高于南部，大兴凯湖PP浓度总体表现为东部高于西部，溶解磷浓度则呈相反趋势。3）近年来兴凯湖流域的气温及降水量均呈上升趋势，小兴凯湖TP浓度与气温、降水量均呈显著正相关，气温与降水增加可能会导致更多的营养盐进入水体，造成水质下降；大兴凯湖TP浓度与气候变化无明显相关性，但小兴凯湖与大兴凯湖的TP浓度之间呈显著正相关，表明大兴凯湖受区域气候变化影响较小，但其水质状况与小兴凯湖有紧密的关联性。无论冰封期还是非冰封期，小兴凯湖水质均优于大兴凯湖，作为大兴凯湖的前置湖泊，小兴凯湖在净化上游流域面源污染方面起到了重要的作用。
Abstract:Xingkai Lake is the largest freshwater lake in northeast Asia, and its excessive concentration of total phosphorus (TP) is the main reason for the decline of water quality in Xingkai Lake in recent years. Climate change may have an important impact on regional water quality decline. Taking Chinese region of Xingkai Lake as the research area, by analyzing the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of phosphorus in the water body of Xingkai Lake, the main composition and morphology of phosphorus in the water body of Xingkai Lake were explored, and the change law of climate factors in the region and its influence on TP of the water body of Xingkai Lake were clarified. The results showed that: (1) From 2010 to 2021, the overall TP concentration change in Xingkai Lake showed a trend of first decreasing and then rising, and the water quality of Xingkai Lake in the freezing period was better than that in the non-freezing period, and TP concentration in Great Xingkai Lake was higher than that in Small Xingkai Lake. (2) The phosphorus morphology data in May 2022 showed that the TP of the water bodies in Great Xingkai Lake and Small Xingkai Lake was mainly composed of granular phosphorus (PP) (accounting for 60% and 76%, respectively), which was the main form of TP exceedance. Both the granular phosphorus and dissolved phosphorus in Small Xingkai Lake were higher in the north and lower in the south. For Great Xingkai Lake, the granular phosphorus was higher in the east than in the west, and the dissolved phosphorus showed the opposite trend. (3) In recent years, both temperature and rainfall had shown an upward trend in Xingkai Lake basin, and TP in Great Xingkai Lake had a significant positive correlation with temperature and rainfall, the increase in temperature and rainfall may lead to more nutrients entering the water body, resulting in a decrease in the quality of the water environment. There was no significant correlation between TP of Great Xingkai Lake and climate change, but there was a significant positive correlation between TP of Great Xingkai Lake and Small Xingkai Lake, indicating that Great Xingkai Lake was less affected by regional climate change, but its water quality condition was closely correlated with Small Xingkai Lake. The water quality of Small Xingkai Lake was better than that of Great Xingkai Lake no matter in the freezing or non-freezing period, and as the antecedent reservoir of Great Xingkai Lake, Small Xingkai Lake played an important role in purifying the surface source pollution in the upper watershed.
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图 1 兴凯湖及其采样点位分布示意
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of Xingkai Lake and distribution of the sampling points
图 2 2010—2021年兴凯湖水体TP浓度变化趋势
Figure 2. Variation of TP concentration in Xingkai Lake from 2010 to 2021
图 3 2010—2021年兴凯湖水体TP浓度月度变化
注：因3—4月、11—12月采样困难，TP浓度数据缺失。
Figure 3. Monthly variation characteristics of TP concentration in Xingkai Lake from 2010 to 2021
图 4 2022年5月兴凯湖水体各磷形态浓度变化
注：红色表示大兴凯湖，灰色表示小兴凯湖。
Figure 4. Concentration variation characteristics of phosphorus forms in Xingkai Lake in May, 2022
图 5 2022年5月兴凯湖水体磷形态空间分布
Figure 5. Spatial distribution characteristics of phosphorus forms in Xingkai Lake in May, 2022
图 6 兴凯湖地区气候指标的年度和月度变化
Figure 6. Annual and monthly variation characteristics of climatic factors in Xingkai Lake area
表 1 不同气候条件下兴凯湖水体TP浓度及超标率
Table 1. TP concentration and excess rate in Xingkai Lake under different climatic conditions
气候条件 出现
概率/%TP浓度/（mg/L） TP超标率/% 小兴
凯湖大兴
凯湖小兴
凯湖大兴
凯湖降水量
/
mm<25 35 0.07±0.04 0.08±0.04 50 63 25~50 17 0.07±0.02 0.08±0.02 69 81 ≥50 48 0.08±0.02 0.08±0.02 77 70 平均气温
/
℃<10 38 0.07±0.04 0.09±0.04 51 63 10~20 36 0.07±0.02 0.08±0.02 73 70 ≥20 26 0.08±0.02 0.08±0.02 79 79 平均风速/
（m/s）<2 25 0.08±0.02 0.09±0.02 83 87 2~3 63 0.07±0.04 0.08±0.04 66 66 >3 12 0.06±0.02 0.07±0.02 36 55 
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表 2 大兴凯湖水体不同磷形态浓度与其他水质指标的相关性分析
Table 2. Correlation analysis between phosphorus forms and other water quality factors in Great Xingkai Lake
指标 PP DIP DOP SS Chla pH DO EC 水深 PP 1 DIP −0.330 1 DOP −0.540** −0.155 1 SS 0.291 −0.141 0.205 1 Chla 0.241 −0.432* 0.125 0.175 1 pH −0.419* 0.169 0.127 −0.142 0.030 1 DO 0.169 0.122 −0.358* −0.116 −0.075 −0.394* 1 EC 0.341 −0.394* 0.276 0.517** 0.421* −0.283 −0.291 1 水深 −0.113 0.267 −0.197 −0.288 −0.134 −0.240 0.139 −0.259 1 注：*表示P<0.05；**表示P<0.01。EC为电导率。
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表 3 小兴凯湖水体不同磷形态浓度与其他水质指标的相关性
Table 3. Correlation between phosphorus forms and other water quality factors in Small Xingkai Lake
指标 PP DIP DOP SS Chla pH DO EC 水深 PP 1 DIP 0.479* 1 DOP −0.032 0.083 1 SS 0.110 0.151 0.196 1 Chla 0.680** 0.480* 0.404* 0.191 1 pH 0.149 −0.035 0.258 0.022 0.510* 1 DO −0.097 −0.134 −0.418* −0.043 −0.237 −0.128 1 EC 0.010 0.018 0.270 0.105 −0.031 −0.309 −0.326 1 水深 0.221 0.456* 0.039 0.403 0.329 0.368 0.200 −0.044 1 注：*表示P<0.05；**表示P<0.01。EC为电导率。
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表 4 兴凯湖流域气候因子与湖泊水体TP浓度相关性
Table 4. Correlation between climatic factors in Xingkai Lake area and TP in the lake body
因子 气温 降水量 最大风速 平均风速 温差 小兴凯
湖TP
浓度大兴凯
湖TP
浓度气温 1 降水量 0.734** 1 最大
风速−0.669** −0.458** 1 平均
风速−0.640** −0.382** −0.942** 1 温差 −0.067 −0.299** 0.398** 0.272* 1 小兴凯
湖TP浓度0.381** 0.330** −0.370** −0.412** −0.076 1 大兴凯
湖TP浓度0.030 0.084 −0.090 −0.045 −0.097 0.357** 1 注：*表示P<0.05；**表示P<0.01。
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