Effect of land use on the water quality of rivers flowing into Xingkai Lake and ecological restoration strategies
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摘要:
兴凯湖是中俄跨境湖泊，其水质变化受到国际社会的高度关注，入湖河流水质状况对兴凯湖水质有着重要影响。以兴凯湖中国境内流域为研究区域，基于内梅罗污染指数法、方差分析、冗余分析、聚类分析等方法，分析兴凯湖入湖河流水质污染特征，探究流域土地利用结构对河流水质的影响，并据此提出入湖河流分类修复策略。结果表明：兴凯湖入湖河流水质为GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类~劣Ⅴ类，化学需氧量、总磷、高锰酸盐指数是主要超标因子；兴凯湖入湖河流丰水期水质整体优于平水期，大兴凯湖入湖河流水质整体优于小兴凯湖；兴凯湖流域土地利用对入湖河流水质的解释度在丰水期和平水期分别为52.31%和45.38%，耕地对河流水质产生负面影响，林地、水体对入湖河流水质起改善作用，而人造地表、草地在不同水期对入湖河流水质的影响不同。基于入湖河流水质、流域土地利用结构的聚类分析，将兴凯湖入湖河流分为生态保育型、生态修复型和综合治理型3种类型，并提出了具有针对性的治理与修复策略。
Abstract:Xingkai Lake is a cross-border lake between China and Russia, and its water quality change has received high attention from the international community. The water quality of rivers flowing into the lake has an important impact on the water quality of Xingkai Lake. Taking Xingkai Lake basin in China as the research area, based on Nemero pollution index method, variance analysis, redundancy analysis and cluster analysis, the water quality characteristics of the rivers flowing into Xingkai Lake were analyzed, and the impact of land use structure on the river water quality was explored. Classified repair strategies were also proposed accordingly. The results showed that the water quality categories of rivers flowing into Xingkai Lake were Class Ⅲ to Class Ⅴ or below Class Ⅴ of Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water （GB 3838-2002 ）. Chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus and permanganate index were the main factors exceeding the standard. The water quality of rivers flowing into Xingkai Lake in high flow period was better than that in normal flow period. The water quality of the rivers flowing into Great Xingkai Lake was better than that of the rivers flowing into Small Xingkai Lake. The explanatory degree of land use in Xingkai Lake basin on the water quality of rivers flowing into the lake reached 52.31% and 45.38% during the high and normal flow periods, respectively. Cultivated land had a negative impact on the water quality of the rivers. Forest land and water body had an improvement effect, while artificial surface and grassland had different impacts in different water periods. Based on the cluster analysis of water quality and land use structure, the rivers flowing into Xingkai Lake were divided into three types, i.e. ecological conservation type, ecological restoration type and comprehensive treatment type, and targeted treatment and repair strategies were proposed.
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Key words:
- Xingkai Lake /
- inflow river /
- water quality /
- land use /
- ecological restoration
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图 1 研究区水系与采样点位置示意
Figure 1. Skematic diagram of watersystem and distribution of sampling points in the study area
图 2 兴凯湖入湖河流不同水期水质
Figure 2. Water quality of the rivers flowing into Xingkai Lake during different water periods
图 3 入湖河流水质与土地利用类型面积占比的冗余分析结果
Figure 3. Redundancy analysis results of water quality and land use type area proportion of inflow rivers
图 4 入湖河流（穆棱河除外）水质与土地利用类型面积占比的冗余分析结果
Figure 4. Redundancy analysis results of water quality and land use type area proportion of inflow rivers (except Muling River)
图 6 兴凯湖入湖河流分类修复策略
Figure 6. Classified restoration strategy of inflow rivers of Xingkai Lake
表 1 兴凯湖入湖河流水质方差分析结果
Table 1. Variance analysis results of water quality of rivers flowing into Xingkai Lake
水质指标 固定因子 方差齐性检验 方差分析 P F P 高锰酸盐指数 时间 0.636 0.118 0.736 空间 4.804* 0.026 化学需氧量 时间 0.878 0.148 0.706 空间 1.259 0.314 氨氮浓度 时间 0.731 0.392 0.542 空间 0.034 0.967 总磷浓度 时间 0.000 空间 总氮浓度 时间 0.748 5.111* 0.040 空间 4.220* 0.037 注：*表示 P<0.05，存在显著差异。 
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表 2 兴凯湖入湖河流水质综合评价结果
Table 2. Comprehensive evaluation results of water quality of rivers flowing into Xingkai Lake
湖区 入湖河流 丰水期 平水期 内梅罗污
染指数污染
程度内梅罗污
染指数污染
程度大兴凯湖 洛格河 0.47 清洁 0.91 清洁 北沟 1.31 轻度污染 1.52 轻度污染 白泡子 0.90 清洁 1.08 轻度污染 白泡子东侧沟渠 1.13 轻度污染 1.42 轻度污染 金银库河 1.18 轻度污染 1.45 轻度污染 小兴凯湖 承紫河 0.94 清洁 1.30 轻度污染 小黑河 1.31 轻度污染 1.52 轻度污染 大西地河 1.65 轻度污染 1.17 轻度污染 穆棱河 1.75 轻度污染 1.83 轻度污染
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表 3 兴凯湖入湖河流流域土地利用类型占比
Table 3. Proportion of land use types in the river basin of Xingkai Lake
湖区 子流域编号 入湖
河流面积占比/% 耕地 林地 草地 水体 人造地表 湿地 裸地 大兴
凯湖1 洛格河 38.6 51.3 6.7 1.5 1.9 0.0 0.0 2 北沟 74.4 19.4 3.2 0.6 2.3 0.0 0.0 3 白泡子 61.0 32.9 0.9 1.5 3.7 0.0 0.0 4 白泡子东侧沟渠 82.1 12.2 0.7 0.2 4.8 0.0 0.0 5 金银库河 68.4 15.8 11.0 0.7 4.1 0.0 0.0 小兴
凯湖6 承紫河 83.6 7.0 6.3 0.0 3.1 0.0 0.0 7 小黑河 92.1 1.0 4.9 0.2 1.8 0.0 0.0 8 大西地河 91.5 0.0 1.6 1.0 5.9 0.0 0.0 9 穆棱河 43.3 43.0 8.6 0.8 2.7 1.6 0.02
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表 4 不同类型入湖河流特征
Table 4. Characteristics of different types of inflow rivers
河流类型 入湖河流名称 特征 生态保育型 洛格河、白泡子 水质类别为Ⅲ类~Ⅳ类，总体为清洁等级，流域内林地面积占比较高（分别为51.3%、32.9%），且主要分布在流域中上游 生态修复型 北沟、白泡子东侧沟渠、金银库河、承紫河、小黑河、大西地河 水质类别为Ⅳ类~Ⅴ类，总体为轻度污染等级，流域内土地利用以耕地为主，河流受农业面源污染影响显著 综合治理型 穆棱河 水质类别为劣Ⅴ类，属轻度污染等级，为面积最大的子流域，涵盖穆棱市、鸡西市、密山市等城市，流域内污染来源复杂，包括工业、农业种植、
城镇生活等
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