Carbon emission analysis of municipal wastewater treatment plants and discussion on synergistic path of pollution and carbon reduction
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摘要:
污水处理行业是全球十大温室气体排放行业之一，其碳排放量占全球碳排放总量的2%~3%，且仍呈逐年增长的趋势，因此开展污水处理行业碳减排并实现减污降碳协同增效是实现我国“双碳”目标的必经之路。系统分析了我国污水处理厂碳排放状况，结果表明：生化池产生的CO2是导致直接碳排放的关键，且生化池的好氧区直接碳排放量最大；由电耗和药耗产生的间接碳排放在总碳排放量中占比较大，是污水处理厂碳减排的关键环节；在污泥处理处置过程中，采取厌氧消化+沼气发电方式时温室气体排放量较少。指出了当前我国污水处理行业碳减排面临的问题，主要包括碳排放核算不精准、碳减排技术研发与应用仍处在起步阶段、顶层设计及管理水平薄弱。在此基础上，提出了适用于我国污水处理厂减污降碳协同增效的路径方案，指出污水处理厂碳减排需多处着力，在碳排放量精确核算的基础上，加强污水处理行业节能降耗、减碳、替碳、固碳技术的研发与应用及多维度控碳方案设计，构建以技术创新为行动力、政策支持为推动力的碳减排总体框架，形成污水处理厂碳减排的闭环，助力我国污水处理厂低碳化发展。
Abstract:The wastewater treatment industry is one of the top ten CO2 emission industries, the carbon emissions of which account for 2%-3% of the total global carbon emissions, and its carbon emissions show an increasing trend year by year. So, carrying out carbon emission reduction in the wastewater treatment industry and achieving the synergistic effect of pollution reduction and carbon reduction is the necessary path to promote the realization of the "double carbon" goal in China. The carbon emission situation of the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of China was systematically analyzed. The result showed that direct CO2 emissions produced by the biochemical treatment process occupied a large proportion of that in the whole processing section, and among them, the direct CO2 emission in the aerobic area was the largest. Meanwhile, the indirect carbon emissions resulting from power and drug consumption accounted for a large proportion of whole direct and indirect carbon emissions, which was the key link of carbon emission reduction of WWTPs. Additionally, the way of anaerobic digestion + biogas power generation was the recommended low-carbon treatment of sludge. The problems of carbon emission reduction in WWTPs mainly included inaccurate carbon emission accounting, the lack of development and application regarding the low-carbon wastewater treatment technology, and inadequate top-level design and management. Based on this, the possible pathways suitable for the synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon of WWTPs in China were put forward, which needed multiple efforts. These efforts included accounting the carbon emission accurately, strengthening the development and application of energy-saving, carbon reduction, carbon replacement and carbon sequestration technology, and designing a multi-dimensional carbon control scheme. Moreover, an overall framework for carbon reduction driven by technological innovation and policy support should be built, thus forming a closed-loop system for carbon reduction in WWTPs, and assisting the low-carbon development of WWTPs of China.
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图 1 污水处理厂直接排放温室气体的单元及逸散的温室气体种类
Figure 1. Units directly emitting GHGs from WWTPs and types of GHGs emitted
图 2 京津冀地区5个污水处理厂2021年温室气体排放核算结果
Figure 2. GHGs emissions proportion of five WWTPs in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in 2021
图 3 2005—2020年我国污水处理厂温室气体排放量年际变化及不同温室气体排放量占比[13]
注：CO2-Electricity为电力消耗的CO2排放量。
Figure 3. Yearly variations of GHGs emissions of China's WWTPs from 2005 to 2020 and the proportion of different GHGs emissions
图 4 不同污水生化处理工艺去除单位COD的CO2排放量对比分析[14]
注：A2O为厌氧-缺氧-好氧污水处理工艺；SBR为序批式活性污泥法；MBR为膜生物反应器。
Figure 4. Comparative analysis of CO2 emission per unit of COD removal of different biochemical treatment processes
图 5 UCT工艺中不同污水处理工段CO2排放体积分数[15]
Figure 5. CO2 emission volume fraction of different treatment sections in UCT process
图 6 A2O工艺中厌氧-缺氧-好氧区温室气体排放量[17]
Figure 6. GHGs emissions in the anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic zone of A2O process
表 1 不同污泥处理处置方式的碳排放量及低碳化程度对比
Table 1. Comparative analysis of carbon emission and low carbonization level of different sludge treatment methods
污泥处理处置方式 碳排放量/
（kg/kg，
以CH4计）碳排放量/
（kg/kg，
以CO2计）碳减排量/
（kg/kg，
以CO2计）低碳化
程度/%厌氧消化+沼气发电 0.215 0.133 89.6 余热干化+焚烧 0.340 0.184 80.3 余热干化+混烧 0.340 0.152 76.6 好氧堆肥 0.246 68.9 湿污泥混烧 0.490 38.1 干化+焚烧 0.691 0.184 36.0 填埋 0.033 0.792 
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表 2 污水处理厂碳排放核算方法对比分析[20]
Table 2. Comparative analysis of carbon emission accounting methods in WWTPs
项目 质量平衡法 模型法 实测法 排放因子法 原理 质量守恒定律 模拟碳循环过程 连续对点源进行实时测量 根据统计数据进行计算 优点 较为准确，明确区分各处理设施和排放源之间的差异 对特定系统使用，中间步骤少，方便计算 最准确，最接近真实结果 使用方便且便于理解，有核算公式 缺点 计算过程复杂，需考虑的中间排放过程较多，结果容易出现系统误差，数据获取困难且不具有权威性 局限性较大，数据获取相对困难且模型各种参数的可靠性不高 须具备试验条件和大量工作人员，监测结果受样品代表性和仪器精度的影响 排放因子地区差异性较大，需详细的活动数据 适用对象 适用于排放非CO2温室气体、物质化学成分和转化准确可靠的情况 局部区域、过程简单的碳排放源，或局部区域、可以获取准确排放源的相关数据 有可靠的监测仪器并由国家相关部门支持 使用对象广泛，对各种情况下的温室气体排放都具有适用性 应用现状 初步兴起，方法结论不完善，具体操作方法众多，结论不可靠 应用时间较长，方法缺陷较少；但数据获取较难，应用范围较窄 应用时间较长，数据获取过程难 广泛应用，方法总结全面，结论可靠
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表 3 我国部分污水处理厂低碳工艺碳减排情况[28]
Table 3. Carbon emission of low-carbon treatment process used in some WWTPs of China
污水处理厂名称 处理工艺 节约电耗/
（104 kW·h/a）CO2减排
当量/（t/a）吴家村城市污水
处理项目好氧颗粒污泥 146 882 小红门再生水厂 厌氧氨氧化 263 1 587 高碑店再生水厂 厌氧氨氧化 383 2 314 槐房再生水厂 厌氧氨氧化 350 2 116 高安屯再生水厂 厌氧氨氧化 504 3 043 清河第二再生水厂 厌氧氨氧化 241 1 455
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表 4 国内外污水处理厂热能利用案例
Table 4. Thermal energy utilization case of WWTPs in China and abroad
国家 污水处理厂 用途/效果 美国 加州污水处理厂[4] 太阳能可以为每天流量大于18.9万m3的工厂提供8%~30%的电力需求，而为每天流量小于18.9万m3的工厂提供30%~100%的电力需求 挪威 Asker污水处理厂[33] 作为空调系统为28个商业
建筑供热/制冷德国和瑞士 某污水处理厂[34] 约3%的建筑可以通过废水源热泵加热或冷却 瑞典 Hammarbyverket
污水处理厂[33]为95 000个住宅建筑供热 荷兰 Rijnlanden污水
处理厂[33]为10 000个家庭供热 芬兰 Kakolanmäki污水
处理厂[35]产能是运行能耗的10倍，供热/制冷能量回收近90% 中国 潍坊市污水
处理厂[36]利用污水热能为办公或住宅类
建筑供冷供暖
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