厕所黑水源分离及其资源化技术研究进展与展望

刘存辉; 杨文静; 张小玫; 梁劲松; 陈乐; 房玮; 吴珍; 张盼月

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20221262

厕所黑水源分离及其资源化技术研究进展与展望

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20221262

刘存辉^{1, 2,},
杨文静¹,
张小玫¹,
梁劲松¹,
陈乐¹,
房玮¹,
吴珍³,
张盼月^1, ,

1.
北京林业大学环境科学与工程学院，水体污染源控制技术北京市重点实验室
2.
北京金河生态科技有限公司
3.
鄂尔多斯应用技术学院化学工程系

基金项目: 内蒙古自治区科技创新引导奖励资金项目（NM-KJCXYD-013）；国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项（2018ZX07110003）

详细信息

作者简介:
刘存辉(1989—)，男，工程师，研究方向为固废减量与资源化技术，liucunhui527@126.com

通讯作者:
张盼月(1967—)，男，教授，研究方向为固废减量与资源化技术，panyue_zhang@bjfu.edu.cn

中图分类号: X703
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-12-20
- 网络出版日期: 2023-11-24

Research advances and prospects of source separation and recycling technologies of toilet black water

1.
Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University
2.
Beijing Jinhe Ecological Co., Ltd.
3.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Ordos Institute of Technology

摘要

摘要:
厕所是日常生活的基本设施，在改善人类生活环境方面发挥了重要作用。厕所黑水主要由粪便和尿液组成，含有大量有机质和氮、磷等营养物质，其源分离与资源化处理逐渐成为一个亟待解决的环境和技术问题。通过文献调研和分析，梳理了厕所黑水源分离和资源化处理的主要技术路线。围绕厕所黑水源分离，综述了厕所黑水源分离新型便器设备及其应用范围；根据粪便废水和尿液的特点，系统总结了源分离后不同废水的分类处理与资源化技术的研究进展，揭示了厕所黑水的污染控制和碳、氮、磷的有效回收是目前的根本任务；最后，根据当前的研究与工程应用现状，总结了厕所黑水源分离与资源化技术评估及绿色发展、多种技术的合理组合、集中化智慧化运行管理等方面面临的挑战，并提出相关建议。研究旨在为因地制宜推广适宜的厕所黑水源分离及资源化技术的规模化应用提供理论依据和参考。
- 厕所源分离 /
- 粪便废水 /
- 灰水 /
- 尿液 /
- 资源回收
Abstract:
Toilets are the basic facilities of daily life, playing an important role in improving human living environment. Toilet black water mainly consists of feces and urine with a large amount of organics and nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and its source separation and recycling are becoming an urgent environmental and technological issue. Through literature research and analysis, the main technical route of toilet black water source separation and recycling was sorted out. Focusing on the source separation of toilet black water, the new developed source separation equipment and their application scope were summarized. Based on the characteristics of fecal wastewater and urine, the research progress of main treatment and resource recycling technologies of different wastewater after source separation were analyzed systematically, and the fundamental tasks of pollution control and efficient recovery of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were revealed. Finally, the challenges on the assessment and green development of toilet black water source separation and recycling technologies, reasonable combination of multiple technologies, and centralized and intelligent operation and management were summarized and relevant suggestions were proposed, according to the current research and engineering application. This study aimed to provide theoretical basis and key reference for promoting the large-scale application of suitable source separation and recycling technologies of toilet black water in accordance with local conditions.
- toilet source separation /
- fecal wastewate /
- grey water /
- urine treatment /
- resource recovery

HTML全文

图 1 厕所黑水源分离流程及处理技术

Figure 1. Source separation process and treatment technologies of toilet black water

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 粪便废水资源化技术对比

Table 1. Comparison of fecal wastewater resource recovery technologies

资源化技术	处理方法	处理效果	数据来源
厌氧消化	餐厨垃圾与粪污厌氧共消化	累积产甲烷量313.2 mL/g （以VSS计）	文献[22]
厌氧消化	零价铁与粪便废水厌氧消化	甲烷含量为93.4%~99.2%	文献[23]
好氧堆肥	粪便、植物材料和食物垃圾共堆肥	大肠杆菌、粪肠球菌的数量削减均超过99.99%	文献[26]
好氧堆肥	高温堆肥与乳酸发酵	获得土壤改良剂用于盆栽和田间施肥	文献[28]
热处理技术	粪便污泥和农业废物低温热解	生物炭较处理前体积减小95%以上，可用于酸性土壤的改良	文献[31]
	水热碳化处理粪污	生成高能量水热生物炭，可进一步加工作为电池阳极，同时可以去除废水中重金属和微污染物	文献[33-34]
	水热液化处理粪污	转化成生物原油，可作为重质燃料或加氢处理升级为运输燃料	文献[36]
电化学技术	固液分离、二次沉降、活性炭过滤以及电化学处理	粪便废水处理出水再利用，出水水质具有可靠的生物安全性	文献[38]
	固液分离、沉淀池、颗粒活性炭柱以及电化学反应器	出水达到当地污水排放标准，可用于冲厕所	文献[40]
	采用掺硼超纳米晶金刚石（BD-UNCD）电极进行电化学处理	提高消毒效率24%~124%，同时节约消毒能耗并使电极腐蚀降低至最低	文献[41]

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 源分离后尿液处理与资源化技术对比

Table 2. Comparison of treatment and recycling technologies of urine after source separation

处理技术		优点	缺点	产物	后续处理	数据来源
磷酸铵镁沉淀结晶		磷的回收率高且纯度高	氮、钾及微量营养元素不能完全回收	鸟粪石	吸附/吹脱	文献[49-50]
离子交换吸附		能耗较低，可直接应用	消耗大量的材料	富含氮、磷的材料	沉淀结晶	文献[53]
电化学处理		磷的回收率高且纯度高	氮、钾及微量营养元素不能完全回收	鸟粪石	吸附/吹脱	文献[69]
生物电化学处理		COD的去除率以及氮、磷的回收率高	电极成本和运行维护成本较高	污染物浓度低的浓缩尿液	鸟粪石结晶，用于产电	文献[68]
膜处理	电渗析	体积小，操作简单	成本高、能耗大，且药物需要处理	污染物浓度低的浓缩尿液	营养物回收	文献[57]
	正渗透膜	有效地去除可溶性污染物，膜污染及能耗低	NH₄ ⁺-N去除率低，需要汲取液	污染物浓度低的浓缩尿液	沉淀结晶，吹脱	文献[57]
	纳滤膜	可选择性地分离尿液中的无机盐	膜污染严重，能耗高	富含各种营养物的溶液	营养物回收	文献[58]

下载: 导出CSV

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