Distribution characteristics and source analysis of nutrients in sediments of Xingkai Lake
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摘要:
兴凯湖是我国面积最大的跨境湖泊，其水质变化受到国际社会的共同关注。沉积物内源污染释放是影响水质的重要因素，研究沉积物营养盐的分布特征及来源，可为兴凯湖水环境治理提供重要依据。以兴凯湖中国湖区为研究对象，通过沉积物营养盐及蓄积量调查，阐明沉积物中总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）和有机质（OM）的分布特征及埋藏通量，采用有机污染指数法和沉积物碳氮比（C/N）、碳磷比（C/P）特征分析其污染程度及来源。结果表明：与国内其他湖泊相比，兴凯湖沉积物TP浓度处于较低水平，但小兴凯湖沉积物TN、OM浓度处于较高水平；水生植被覆盖度高的小兴凯湖西泡子和东北泡子及沉积物淤积严重的大兴凯湖西部湖区和中部湖一区营养盐浓度较高；兴凯湖OM来源同时受水生植物和陆源物质输入的影响，且小兴凯湖受陆源输入影响更大，OM与TN具有同源性，与TP不具有同源性；兴凯湖沉积物整体属轻度污染，其中小兴凯湖沉积物有机污染较大兴凯湖严重。研究显示，小兴凯湖作为大兴凯湖的前置湖泊，削减了输入大兴凯湖的污染物，但其较高的沉积物营养盐浓度可能会对大兴凯湖产生潜在影响，因此，应重视小兴凯湖沉积物引起的污染。
Abstract:Xingkai Lake is the largest international cross-border lake in China. The water quality of Xingkai Lake has attracted international attention. The release of sediment internal pollution is an important factor affecting water quality. Studying the distribution characteristics and sources of sediment nutrients can provide important support for the water environment management of Xingkai Lake. Small Xingkai Lake and Great Xingkai Lake in China were investigated. Firstly, the distribution characteristics and burial fluxes of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and organic matter (OM) in the sediments were clarified through the investigation of sediment nutrients and accumulation of sediment. Subsequently, the organic pollution index method was used to evaluate the sediment pollution level of Xingkai Lake. Additionally, nutrient sources were analyzed based on C/N and C/P values. The results showed that compared with other lakes in China, the average concentration of TP in the sediment of Xingkai Lake was at a low level, while the average concentrations of TN and OM in the sediment of Small Xingkai Lake were at a high level. The nutrient concentration was higher in the west and northeast of Small Xingkai Lake with high coverage of aquatic plants, and in the west and middle of Great Xingkai Lake with serious sediment deposition. The OM in the sediments was influenced by both aquatic plants and terrestrial inputs, and Small Xingkai Lake was more affected by terrestrial inputs. Pearson correlation analysis showed that OM and TN were homologous and not homologous with TP. The organic pollution evaluation results presented that Xingkai Lake was in light pollution, while the organic pollution in Small Xingkai Lake was more serious than that in Great Xingkai Lake. In conclusion, Small Xingkai Lake, as the front lake of Great Xingkai Lake, reduced the pollutants imported into Great Xingkai Lake. However, its high sediment nutrient concentrations may have a potential impact on Great Xingkai Lake. Therefore, attention should be paid to the sediment pollution of Small Xingkai Lake.
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Key words:
- Xingkai Lake /
- sediment /
- nutrient /
- burial flux /
- pollution evaluation /
- source analysis
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图 1 兴凯湖沉积物采样点及航线布设示意
Figure 1. Schematic diagram for distribution of sampling points and survey lines in Xingkai Lake
图 2 兴凯湖表层沉积物中TN浓度空间分布
Figure 2. Spatial distribution of TN concentration in surface sediments of Xingkai Lake
图 3 兴凯湖不同湖区沉积物中TN浓度垂直变化
Figure 3. Vertical distribution of TN concentration in the sediments from different lake areas of Xingkai Lake
图 4 兴凯湖表层沉积物中TP浓度空间分布
Figure 4. Spatial distribution of TP concentration in surface sediments of Xingkai Lake
图 5 兴凯湖不同湖区沉积物中TP浓度垂直变化
Figure 5. Vertical distribution of TP concentration in the sediments from different lake areas of Xingkai Lake
图 6 兴凯湖表层沉积物中OM浓度空间分布
Figure 6. Spatial distribution of OM concentration in surface sediments of Xingkai Lake
图 7 兴凯湖不同湖区沉积物中OM浓度垂直变化
Figure 7. Vertical distribution of OM concentration in the sediments from different lake areas of Xingkai Lake
图 8 兴凯湖水深和沉积物厚度分布
Figure 8. Distribution of water depth and sediment thickness in Xingkai Lake
图 9 兴凯湖表层沉积物有机指数评价的污染等级占比
Figure 9. Percentage of different degrees of pollution in surface sediments of Xingkai Lake based on organic index
图 10 兴凯湖沉积物C/N垂直分布特征
Figure 10. Vertical distribution characteristics of C/N in the sediments of Xingkai Lake
图 11 兴凯湖沉积物C/P垂直分布特征
Figure 11. Vertical distribution characteristics of C/P in the sediments of Xingkai Lake
表 1 兴凯湖沉积物蓄积量和TN、TP、OM埋藏通量
Table 1. Sediment accumulation and burial fluxes of TN, TP and OM in Xingkai Lake
湖区 含水率
/%干密度
/(g/cm3)沉积物
平均厚度/m沉积物
蓄积量
/t埋藏通量
/（t/a）TN TP OM 西部湖区 31.29 1.26 0.20 1.06×107 159.48 18.94 3240.14 中部湖区 34.50 1.15 0.19 6.85×106 87.24 6.13 2065.76 小兴凯湖 东部湖区 36.09 1.06 0.17 6.92×106 118.16 18.26 2244.65 西泡子 56.87 0.48 0.13 3.23×104 2.23 0.60 29.89 东北泡子 37.57 1.07 0.15 1.08×106 18.99 1.23 536.17 大兴凯湖 西部湖区 37.07 0.97 0.41 6.01×107 182.86 55.61 2263.54 中部湖一区 28.87 1.25 0.29 8.01×107 301.27 143.80 4700.04 中部湖二区 30.18 1.06 0.25 6.04×107 207.75 116.45 3400.87 东部湖区 27.63 1.14 0.25 3.82×107 108.71 75.46 1521.81 
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表 2 兴凯湖表层沉积物中营养盐指标相关性分析
Table 2. Pearson correlation coefficients of nutrients in surface sediments of Xingkai Lake
指标 小兴凯湖 大兴凯湖 OM TN TP OM TN TP OM 1.000 1.000 TN 0.759** 1.000 0.521** 1.000 TP 0.403 0.759** 1.000 0.056 0.058 1.000 注：**表示P <0.01。
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表 3 我国不同湖泊表层沉积物营养盐浓度、C/N和C/P对比
Table 3. Comparison of nutrient concentration, C/N and C/P in surface sediments of different lakes in China
湖泊 TN浓度/
(mg/kg)TP浓度/
(mg/kg)OM浓度/
(g/kg)C/N C/P 乌梁素海[42] 1960 560 38.5 12.70 73.93 衡水湖[43] 1 850 1020 160.72 60.2 233.1 太湖[44] 859.66 560.47 12.76 8.32 鄱阳湖[45] 1 340 460 15.9 洞庭湖[46] 1 046 368.85 22.86 13.22 洪泽湖[47] 1 020 580 13.64 7.86 呼伦湖[48] 1 600 800 27.58 10.2 青海湖[49] 1 740 590 32.07 巢湖[50] 918.01 684.40 22.01 6.37 小兴凯湖（本研究） 1 587.43 212.38 32.18 12.51 232.55 大兴凯湖（本研究） 519.24 246.55 7.51 8.72 19.25
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