Key issues and countermeasures of aircraft noise impact assessment in civil airports
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摘要:
为了更好地指导民用机场航空器噪声环境影响评价实践，对机场航空器噪声影响评价案例进行分析与总结，发现航空器噪声环境影响评价工作中存在评价范围确定合理性不足、噪声标准适用性不强、噪声预测模式相对落后及噪声防治措施不全面等问题。针对以上问题，推荐了合理的评价范围划定方法、噪声评价标准，提出了噪声预测模式发展方向，汇总了较全面、较先进的噪声防治措施，并针对未来航空器噪声影响评价提出了建立我国航空器噪声源数据库、开发航空器噪声预测软件及加快制定适应性强的技术导则和标准等建议。
Abstract:In order to guide the environmental impact evaluation practice of aircraft noise in civil airports, by analyzing and summarizing the cases of airport aircraft noise impact assessment, it was figured out that there were some problems in aircraft noise environmental impact assessment, such as insufficient rationality in determining the assessment scope, the weak applicability of noise standard, the relative backwardness of the noise prediction model, and the non-comprehensive of noise prevention and control measures. In view of the above problems, the reasonable evaluation-scope delimiting method and noise evaluation standards were recommended, the development directions of the noise prediction model were proposed, and more comprehensive and advanced noise prevention measures were summarized. The suggestions were given on future aircraft noise impact assessment, such as establishing an aircraft noise source database, developing aircraft noise prediction software and speeding up the formulation of technical guidelines and standards with strong adaptability.
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Key words:
- civil airport /
- aircraft /
- noise impact assessment /
- assessment range /
- assessment value
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图 1 不同情景下噪声影响范围与推荐评价范围对比示意
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of noise impact range and evaluation range recommended under different scenarios
图 2 大幅错开的平行构型多跑道噪声影响评价范围2种划定方法示意
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of two delineation methods for the noise impact assessment scope of multiple runways in parallel configuration that are greatly staggered
图 3 典型机场不同LAmax限值下超标声环境保护目标的对比
注：实线代表伦敦希思罗机场夜间LAmax限值要求，虚线代表《香港规划标准与准则》中直升机噪声LAmax限值要求。
Figure 3. Comparison of environmental protection targets exceeding standard values at different LAmax limits in typical airports
表 1 不同情景下噪声影响范围与推荐评价范围对比
Table 1. Comparison of noise impact range and evaluation range recommended in HJ 2.4-2021 under different scenarios
情景 情景设定 70 dB等声级线影响范围 推荐评价范围面积/
km2面积增加百分比1）/% 跑道两侧距离/
km跑道两端距离/
km所围矩形面积/
km2情景一 不同航向起飞降落比例为1∶1，起飞后直飞 各1.04 各6.39 33.53 163.22 387 情景二 不同航向起飞降落比例为1∶1，起飞后侧偏30° 分别为1.04、2.71 分别为6.38、4.68 53.36 163.22 206 情景三 不同航向起飞降落比例为1∶9，起飞后直飞 各1.17 分别为4.96、7.54 36.97 163.22 342 情景四 不同航向起飞降落比例为1∶9，起飞后侧偏30° 分别为1.15、3.69 分别为4.96、6.37 70.00 182.52 161 1）指推荐评价范围的面积较70 dB等声级线影响范围所围矩形面积增加的百分比。全文同。 
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表 2 国内典型机场噪声影响范围与推荐评价范围对比
Table 2. Comparison between noise actual impact range and evaluation range recommended of typical domestic airports
机场
代号70 dB等声级线影响范
围所围矩形面积/km2推荐评价
范围面积/km2面积增加
百分比/%机场1 78.87 168.66 114 机场2 115.49 159.87 38 机场3 76.36 182.63 139 机场4 74.78 111.50 49 机场5 108.63 123.43 14 机场6 46.17 168.66 114
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表 3 航空器噪声建议评价范围
Table 3. Recommended evaluation range for aircraft noise
机场类别 距离跑道两端
距离/km距离跑道中心线两侧
距离/km干线、枢纽运输机场 ≥8 ≥2 其他运输机场 ≥6 ≥1 通用机场 ≥3 ≥0.5
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表 4 航空器噪声评价量及建议限值
Table 4. Aircraft noise evaluation value and recommended limits
dB(A) 评价量 符号 居民区 文教区 日均噪声评价量 LWECPN1） 752） 702） Ldn 573） 623） 单次飞行补充噪声评价量 夜间 SEL 105 —4） 日间 LAmax 89 70 1）单位为dB；2）限值参考GB 9660—88 机场周围区域飞机噪声环境质量标准；3）限值参考《机场周围区域飞机噪声环境质量标准》（三次征求意见稿）；4）文教区一般夜间办公或从事教学活动的情况较少，因此不予设置限值。
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