核电厂环评中影响生物多样性保护的因素研究

吴晗; 路超君; 滕柯延

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20220457

核电厂环评中影响生物多样性保护的因素研究

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20220457

吴晗^1,,
路超君^2,,
滕柯延^1, ,

1.
生态环境部核与辐射安全中心
2.
中国环境科学研究院

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目（2020YFC1806600）

详细信息

作者简介:
吴晗(1985—)，女，高级工程师，硕士，主要从事核与辐射安全监管能力建设及政策研究，wuhanjlu@163.com

通讯作者:
滕柯延（1983—），男，高级工程师，硕士，主要从事核设施环评文件审查及法规标准研究，tengkeyan@chinansc.cn

中图分类号: X82
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- HTML全文浏览量: 121
- PDF下载量: 17
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-05-11
- 网络出版日期: 2022-11-25

Study on the factors affecting biodiversity protection in environmental impact assessment of nuclear power plants

WU Han^1
,,
LU Chaojun^2
,,
TENG Keyan^{1
, ,}

1.
Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center
2.
Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences

摘要

摘要:
核电厂环境影响评价是对核电厂建设项目可能造成的环境影响进行分析、预测和评估，进而提出预防的对策或降低影响的制度。核电厂环评实践中，评价要素非常广，不仅关注厂址特征、气象、水文等方面，也高度关注生物多样性保护，主要体现在评价体系、评价因素及分析论证流程的规范方面。基于此背景，指出核电厂环评中影响生物多样性的因素有卷吸效应、温排水、余氯、季节等，分析提出核电厂环评实践中存在相关规定少、温升评价方法局限性等问题；提出核电厂环评需综合考虑影响生物多样性的相关因素，建立健全法规标准体系，明确余氯、温排水排放标准，并提出利用遥感监测弥补评价方法的局限性及适时开展后评价等建议。
- 环境影响评价 /
- 生物多样性 /
- 温排水 /
- 卷吸效应 /
- 核电厂
Abstract:
The environmental impact assessment of nuclear power plants is the process of analyzing, predicting and evaluating the possible environmental impacts caused by the construction projects of nuclear power plants, and then putting forward measures to prevent and reduce the impacts. In the practice of environmental impact assessment of nuclear power plants, the assessment elements are very wide, not only focusing on the site characteristics, meteorology, hydrology and other aspects, but also paying great attention to biodiversity protection, which is mainly reflected in the standardization of assessment system, assessment factors and analysis and demonstration process. Based on this background, it was pointed out that the factors affecting biodiversity in nuclear power plant environmental assessment included entrainment effect, thermal discharge, residual chlorine, seasons and other factors. The problems of environmental impact assessment of nuclear power plants were analyzed, such as the lack of relevant regulations in practice and the limitations of temperature rise assessment methods. It was suggested that the environmental impact assessment of nuclear power plants should comprehensively consider the related factors affecting biodiversity, establish a sound legal and standard system, and clarify the discharge standards of residual chlorine and thermal drainage. Other suggestions such as making up for the limitations of evaluation methods by remote sensing monitoring and carrying out post-evaluation timely were also proposed.
- environmental impactassessment /
- biodiversity /
- thermal discharge /
- entrainment effect /
- nuclear power plant

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图 1 北方某核电厂夏季、冬季6台机组运行期间各典型潮条件下温升包络面积

Figure 1. Envelope area of temperature rise under typical tidal conditions during the operation of six units of a nuclear power plant in northern China in summer and winter

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 核电厂建造阶段取水环评分析论证流程

Figure 2. Analysis procedure of environmental impact assessment of water intake in the construction stage of nuclear power plant

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 核电厂建造阶段温排水环评分析论证流程

Figure 3. Analysis procedure of environmental impact assessment of thermal discharge in the construction stage of nuclear power plants

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 部分导则中关于生物多样性保护的有关要求

Table 1. Relevant requirements of some guidelines on biodiversity protection

标准号	标准名称	主要内容	生物多样性保护的部分具体要求
HJ 19—2022	《环境影响评价技术导则生态影响》	明确生态影响评价的原则、工作程序、内容、方法及技术要求	生态影响评价应能够充分体现生态完整性和生物多样性保护要求
HJ 808—2016	《环境影响评价技术导则核电厂环境影响报告书的格式和内容》	要求描述取水、温排水对水生生物的影响	明确受纳水体环境质量现状调查与评价要求，说明厂址半径15 km范围内的环境保护目标等事项
HJ 1037—2019	《核动力厂取排水环境影响评价指南》	开展核动力厂取水、温排水环境影响分析	对冷却水取水设施、卷塞、重要代表物种等做了定义，明确重要代表物种的选择方法
HJ 1213—2021	《滨海核电厂温排水卫星遥感监测技术规范》	明确技术原理、监测技术与方法、质量控制	列出核电厂温排水卫星遥感监测示例

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表 2 部分法规标准中关于温排水的规定

Table 2. Provisions on thermal discharge in some regulations and standards

名称	内容
《中华人民共和国水污染防治法》	向水体排放含热废水，应当采取措施，保证水体的水温符合水环境质量标准
《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》	向海域排放含热废水，应采取措施，避免热污染对水产资源的危害
GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》	人为造成的水温变化周平均最大温升应不得超过1 ℃
GB 3097—1997《海水水质标准》	根据四类水体情况，分夏季及其他季节，对人为造成的温升限制加以规定

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表 3 北方某核电厂卷吸效应现场连续2年监测结果

Table 3. Field monitoring results of entrainment effect in a nuclear power plant in northern China

类别	机械损伤率/%	平均值/%
浮游藻类	11.98~27.08	20.33
浮游动物	42.13~64.12	55.80
鱼类	31.62~46.23	43.88
仔虾	24.31~56.91	40.70

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表 4 核电厂温排水影响范围观测方法比较

Table 4. Comparison of monitoring methods for the scope of thermal discharge in nuclear power plants

方法名称	优点	缺点
直接观测	能够反映海水点位的真实温度，垂向分布情况也可以体现出来	观测精确度取决于实际布点密度，成本高
航空遥感观测	能够进行大范围实时观测	受空域使用、观测飞机起降、天气等因素影响，成本高
卫星遥感观测	利用卫星影响的热红外波段数据来推导海面温度，能够反映较大区域内海域温度场变化情况，实现实时观测	受观测当日气候、潮型等因素影响较大

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表 5 余氯对部分水生生物的影响研究^[7]

Table 5. Effects of residual chlorine on some aquatic organisms

种类		特点	对余氯的耐受性
浮游植物		具有较强的恢复能力	余氯主要通过抑制光合作用来影响浮游植物生长，浮游植物损伤后能较快恢复，但种类组成可能发生变化
浮游动物	贝类	对氯较敏感	主要影响因素为浓度水平：当余氯浓度较低时，贝类仍可以打开外壳摄食，但外壳开闭频率明显降低；随着余氯浓度升至较高时，贝类被迫关闭外壳，只能依靠体内积蓄的能量生存
浮游动物	鱼类	鱼鳃对氯较敏感	主要影响因素为浓度水平、作用时间等。在余氯浓度较高时，通过影响并阻碍鱼鳃与水中溶解氧的交换来对鱼类造成损害，但同时也发现有些鱼类可以通过自身的调节，对氯产生一定的抗性

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