Research on fluoride whole-process prevention and control in the electrolytic aluminum enterprise based on material flow analysis
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摘要:
以国内某大型电解铝企业为例，针对氟化物产生的重点环节进行分析测试，通过物质流分析方法构建电解铝企业氟平衡，研究电解铝生产过程中特征污染物氟化物的分布特征。结果表明：除电解槽大修渣外，无组织烟气以及炭渣是电解铝生产过程中氟化物排放的关键环节，其中无组织烟气中氟化物含量折合单位产品排放量为0.374 kg/t (以Al质量计，全文同)，约为有组织排放量的3.7倍；炭渣中氟化物含量为6.347 kg/t，约为大修渣中氟化物含量的2.7倍。为了加强电解铝行业氟化物风险防控，建议从生产全过程入手，通过提高电解槽的集气效率以及科学控制排烟量的方法有效控制无组织排放，优化电解槽排烟管道以提高有组织烟气治理的效率，控制原料含水量从源头减少氟化物的产生，强化含氟固体废物管控，以期减少电解铝企业对周边环境造成的氟污染。
Abstract:Taking a large domestic electrolytic aluminum enterprise as an example, the key links of fluoride production were analyzed and tested, the fluorine balance of the enterprise was constructed by material flow analysis method, and the distribution features of the characteristic pollutant fluoride in the electrolytic aluminum production process was studied. The results showed that apart from the overhaul slag of electrolytic cell, unorganized flue gas and carbon slag were the key points of fluoride emission in electrolytic aluminum production. The fluoride content of unorganized flue gas was 0.374 kg/t per unit product, which was about 3.7 times of that of organized emissions. The fluoride content in carbon slag was 6.347 kg/t, which was about 2.7 times of that in overhaul slag. In order to strengthen the fluoride risk prevention and control in the electrolytic aluminum industry, some suggestions were put forward starting from the whole production process, including effectively controlling the unorganized emissions by improving the gas collecting efficiency of electrolytic cells and controlling the smoke emissions scientifically, optimizing the smoke exhaust pipes of the electrolytic cells to improve the efficiency of organized flue gas treatment, controlling the water content of raw materials to reduce fluoride production at source, and strengthening the control of fluorine-containing solid wastes. Through these methods, the fluorine pollution caused by electrolytic aluminum enterprises to the surrounding environment could be reduced.
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图 1 企业A电解铝主要生产工艺及产排污节点
Figure 1. Main production processes and pollution production and emission nodes of electrolytic aluminum enterprise A
图 2 企业A电解车间物料平衡
注：数字为输入/输出单位产品物料投入/产出量，单位为kg/t。
Figure 2. Material balance diagram of electrolysis workshop of enterprise A
图 3 企业A电解车间氟平衡
注：数字为输入/输出物料中单位产品氟化物的量，单位为kg/t。
Figure 3. Fluorine balance diagram of electrolysis workshop of enterprise A
图 4 企业A电解车间氟化物流向
注：数字为输入/输出物料中单位产品氟化物的量，单位为kg/t。
Figure 4. Fluorine flow diagram of electrolysis workshop of enterprise A
表 1 企业A电解车间氟平衡数据
Table 1. Fluorine balance data of electrolysis workshop of enterprise A
类别 名称 氟化物含量（以氟计）/（kg/t） 占比/% 来源/去向 输入 氟化铝 11.850 11.09 原料投入 冰晶石 1.220 1.14 原料投入 载氟氧化铝 17.506 16.39 干法净化 阳极破碎料 75.714 70.89 循环 铝包大修 0.038×10−2 <0.001 循环 铝包清包料 0.527 0.49 循环 合计 106.817 100.00 输出 炭渣 6.347 6.16 危废库 大修渣 2.357 2.29 危废库 阳极破碎料 75.714 73.53 循环 铝包大修 0.038×10−2 <0.001 循环 铝包清包料 0.527 0.51 循环 固定污染源 0.096 0.09 外排 载氟氧化铝 17.506 17.00 循环 脱硫石膏 0.045 0.04 处置 无组织排放 0.374 0.36 外排 合计 102.966 100.00 注：输入大于输出，存在一定的平衡误差，但在合理范围内。 
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