某废铅蓄电池炼铅遗留场地土壤重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

张浩; 王洋; 王辉; 巨文军; 黄瑞; 刘冉; 杜明

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20220313

某废铅蓄电池炼铅遗留场地土壤重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20220313

张浩^1,,
王洋^1, ,,
王辉²,
巨文军¹,
黄瑞¹,
刘冉¹,
杜明¹

1.
黎明化工研究设计院有限责任公司
2.
河南科技大学化工与制药学院环境工程系

基金项目: 河南省科技攻关项目（192102110050）

详细信息

作者简介:
张浩（1991—），男，硕士，研究方向为土壤化学分析与污染修复，1352009076@qq.com

通讯作者:
王洋（1984—），男，高级工程师，硕士，主要从事土壤化学分析与污染修复，76876682@qq.com

中图分类号: X53
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-04-08

Heavy metal pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of soil from an abandoned site for lead smelting of waste lead batteries

ZHANG Hao^1
,,
WANG Yang^{1
, ,},
WANG Hui²,
JU Wenjun¹,
HUANG Rui¹,
LIU Ran¹,
DU Ming¹

1.
Liming Research & Design Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
2.
Department of Environment Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Henan University of Science and Technology

摘要

摘要:
以某典型废铅蓄电池非法炼铅污染场地为研究对象，采用综合污染指数法、潜在生态指数法以及人体健康风险模型分别对场地土壤中铅和砷污染特征以及健康风险进行评价，并结合暴露吸收生物动力学模型（IEUBK）评估场地周边儿童的血铅水平。结果显示：研究区各点位土壤中铅和砷浓度平均值分别为4.67×10⁴和2.64×10² mg/kg，显著高于河南省土壤背景值，分别超过GB 36600—2018《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》二类用地风险筛选值的58.37倍和4.41倍；各点位的综合污染指数和潜在生态指数依次为废旧铅蓄电池拆解区>贮存区>铅块成型区，除铅块成型区土壤砷为轻度污染外，其他区域土壤中铅和砷均属于重度污染，存在极强的潜在生态风险；经3种暴露途径对成人和儿童造成的致癌、非致癌威胁依次为经口摄入>皮肤接触>呼吸吸入，各点位砷的致癌风险大小依次为炼铅炉区>废铅蓄电池拆解区>储存区>铅块成型区>10⁻⁶；铅和砷对成人和儿童非致癌风险总指数最大分别为25.00和160.69、1.73和11.71，其中铅对儿童的非致癌风险更加明显，二者均高于美国国家环境保护局推荐的最大可接受水平，对附近居民存在极强的潜在健康风险；IEUBK模型计算的儿童血铅浓度超过100 μg/L的概率高达99.99%，均远高于5%的安全概率限值。
- 废铅蓄电池 /
- 重金属 /
- 血铅水平 /
- 污染评价 /
- 健康评价
Abstract:
The contaminated plot left by a typical illegal lead refining site for waste lead batteries was taken as the research object. The pollution characteristics of lead and arsenic and health risk in the site soil were analyzed and evaluated by using the comprehensive pollution index method, the potential ecological index method, and the human health risk assessment model, and the children's blood lead levels were evaluated combined with the integrated exposure uptake biokinetic (IEUBK) model at the same time. The results indicated that the mean values of lead and arsenic in the soil at all sites in the study area were 4.67×10⁴ and 2.64×10² mg/kg, respectively, which were significantly higher than the soil background values in Henan Province and exceeded the risk screening values of Soil Environmental Quality - Risk Control Standard for Soil Contamination of Development Land (Trial) (GB 36600-2018) for Class Ⅱ land by 58.37 times and 4.41 times, respectively. The comprehensive pollution index and potential ecological index in various points of the research area followed the order of waste lead battery dismantling area>storage area>lead block molding area. Except for the lead block molding area where the soil arsenic was lightly polluted, the lead and arsenic in the soil of other research areas were heavily polluted, and there was an extremely strong potential ecological risk. Meanwhile, the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of heavy metals in three exposure pathways followed the order of ingestion of soil>dermal absorption of soil>inhalation of soil. The total cancer risk index of arsenic at each point was found to follow the order of lead smelting furnace area>waste lead battery dismantling area>storage area>lead block molding area>10⁻⁶. Lead and arsenic levels had a significant effect on the maximum total non-carcinogenic risk indices, counting 25.00, 160.69, 1.73, and 11.71 for adults and children, respectively, with the non-carcinogenic risk of lead to children being more obvious. Both were higher than the US EPA's maximum acceptable level, and there was an extremely strong potential health risk to nearby residents. In addition, the probability of children's blood lead concentration exceeding 100 μg/L was as high as 99.99%, calculated by the IEUBK model, which was much higher than the safety probability limit of 5%.
- waste lead battery /
- heavy metals /
- blood lead level /
- pollution evaluation /
- health evaluation

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图 1 研究区土壤采样点位示意

Figure 1. Distribution diagram of soil sampling points in the study area

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表 1 污染指数法分级标准

Table 1. Classification criteria of pollution index method

等级划分	PI	PN	污染水平
Ⅰ	≤0.7	≤0.7	清洁
Ⅱ	0.7~1.0	0.7~1.0	尚清洁（警戒线）
Ⅲ	1.0~2.0	1.0~2.0	轻污染
Ⅳ	2.0~3.0	2.0~3.0	中污染
Ⅴ	>3.0	>3.0	重污染

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表 2 潜在生态风险指标与分级关系

Table 2. Relationship between potential ecological risk indicators and classifications

等级	EI	RI	生态风险程度等级
Ⅰ	<40	<150	轻微
Ⅱ	40~80	150~300	中等
Ⅲ	80~160	300~600	强
Ⅳ	160~320	≥600	很强
Ⅴ	≥320		极强

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表 3 研究区土壤重金属浓度及主要理化性质统计分析

Table 3. Statistical analysis of heavy metal content and main physicochemical properties of soils in the study area

土壤指标	最大值	最小值	平均值	标准偏差	变异系数/%	N1点位数值	河南背景值（表层）	GB 36600—2018二类用地风险筛选值
镉浓度/(mg/kg)	0.73	0.07	0.53	1.30	15.39	0.39	0.06	65
镍浓度/(mg/kg)	29.70	22.30	26.69	2.32	8.70	18.50	27.40	900
铜浓度/(mg/kg)	44.40	18.80	27.57	7.58	27.49	15.80	20.00	18 000
汞浓度/(mg/kg)	0.018	0.008	0.01	0.00	23.76	0.012	0.025	38
砷浓度¹⁾/(mg/kg)	368.33	65.80	264.84	86.58	32.69	1.60	9.80	60
砷浓度²⁾/(mg/kg)	48.70	8.70	32.03	11.83	161.29			60
铅浓度¹⁾/(mg/kg)	1.17×10⁵	2.57×10⁴	4.67×10⁴	3.80×10⁴	81.23	35.70	22.30	800
铅浓度²⁾/(mg/kg)	5.65×10³	3.56×10²	1.13×10³	1.83×10³	36.94			800
pH	11.10	7.50	8.37	0.96	11.47	7.70	7.70
有机质浓度/(g/kg)	15.12	7.65	12.86	2.27	17.63	24.51
阳离子交换量/(cmol/kg)	14.41	6.25	10.25	2.58	25.21	25.12
1）为厂区表层土壤（0~0.2 m）；2）为厂区深层土壤(0.2~0.5 m)。

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表 4 研究区各采样点位土壤重金属污染评价指数

Table 4. Evaluation index of soil heavy metal pollution at various points in the study area

区域	采样点位	铅		砷		PN	等级
区域	采样点位	PI	等级	PI	等级	PN	等级
拆解区	T1	70.25	Ⅴ	3.90	Ⅴ	56.17	Ⅴ
拆解区	T2	32.13	Ⅴ	4.87	Ⅴ	26.22	Ⅴ
储存区	T3	13.00	Ⅴ	5.52	Ⅴ	11.27	Ⅴ
储存区	T4	39.00	Ⅴ	4.07	Ⅴ	31.50	Ⅴ
铅块成型区	T5	23.50	Ⅴ	1.10	Ⅲ	18.76	Ⅴ
炼铅炉区	T6	19.38	Ⅴ	4.37	Ⅴ	16.07	Ⅴ
	T7	146.25	Ⅴ	6.14	Ⅴ	116.61	Ⅴ
	T8	124.00	Ⅴ	5.34	Ⅴ	98.89	Ⅴ

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表 5 研究区各点位土壤重金属潜在生态风险评价指数

Table 5. Evaluation index of potential ecological risk of soil heavy metals at each point in the study area

区域	采样点位	铅		砷		RI	等级
区域	采样点位	EI	等级	EI	等级	RI	等级
拆解区	T1	351.25	Ⅴ	58.5	Ⅱ	409.75	Ⅲ
拆解区	T2	160.65	Ⅳ	73.05	Ⅱ	233.70	Ⅱ
储存区	T3	65.00	Ⅱ	82.8	Ⅲ	147.8	Ⅰ
储存区	T4	195.00	Ⅳ	4.07	Ⅰ	256.05	Ⅱ
铅块成型区	T5	117.50	Ⅲ	1.10	Ⅰ	134.00	Ⅰ
炼铅炉区	T6	96.90	Ⅲ	65.55	Ⅱ	162.45	Ⅱ
	T7	731.25	Ⅴ	92.10	Ⅲ	823.35	Ⅳ
	T8	620.00	Ⅴ	80.10	Ⅲ	700.10	Ⅳ

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表 6 研究区各点位不同途径重金属非致癌暴露风险值

Table 6. Risk value of non-carcinogenic exposure to heavy metals by different pathways at various points in the study area

区域	采样点位	$ {\mathrm{H}\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{b}} $						$ {\mathrm{H}\mathrm{I}}_{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{b}} $		$ {\mathrm{H}\mathrm{Q}}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{s}} $						$ {\mathrm{H}\mathrm{I}}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{s}} $
		经口摄入		皮肤接触		呼吸吸入				经口摄入		皮肤接触		呼吸吸入
		成人	儿童	成人	儿童	成人	儿童	成人	儿童	成人	儿童	成人	儿童	成人	儿童	成人	儿童
电池拆解区	T1	2.49× 10¹	1.60× 10²	6.63× 10⁻²	2.99× 10⁻¹	4.38× 10⁻³	7.06× 10⁻³	2.50× 10¹	1.6× 10²	1.21	7.79	1.38× 10⁻²	2.18× 10⁻²	1.72× 10⁻⁴	8.41× 10⁻⁴	1.22	7.82
电池拆解区	T2	1.14× 10¹	7.33× 10¹	3.03× 10⁻²	1.37× 10⁻¹	2.01× 10⁻³	3.23× 10⁻³	1.14× 10¹	7.35× 10¹	1.51	9.73	1.72× 10⁻²	2.73× 10⁻²	2.15× 10⁻⁴	1.05× 10⁻³	1.53	9.76
储存区	T3	4.61	2.97× 10¹	1.23× 10⁻²	5.54× 10⁻²	8.11× 10⁻⁴	1.31× 10⁻³	4.62	2.97× 10¹	1.71	1.10× 10¹	1.95× 10⁻²	3.09× 10⁻²	2.43× 10⁻⁴	1.19× 10⁻³	1.73	1.11× 10¹
储存区	T4	1.38× 10¹	8.90× 10¹	3.68× 10⁻²	1.66× 10⁻¹	2.43× 10⁻³	3.92× 10⁻³	1.39× 10¹	8.92× 10¹	1.26	8.13	1.44× 10⁻²	2.28× 10⁻²	1.79× 10⁻⁴	8.78× 10⁻⁴	1.28	8.15
铅块成型区	T5	8.33	5.37× 10¹	2.22× 10⁻²	1.00× 10⁻¹	1.47× 10⁻³	2.36× 10⁻³	8.36	5.38× 10¹	3.40× 10⁻¹	2.19	3.88× 10⁻³	6.13× 10⁻³	4.83× 10⁻⁵	2.36× 10⁻⁴	3.44× 10⁻¹	2.20
炼铅炉区	T6	6.87	4.42× 10¹	1.83× 10⁻²	8.26× 10⁻²	1.21× 10⁻³	1.95× 10⁻³	6.89	4.43× 10¹	4.84× 10⁻¹	7.48× 10⁻¹	5.52× 10⁻³	2.09× 10⁻³	2.09× 10⁻⁴	8.07× 10⁻⁵	4.90× 10⁻¹	7.50× 10⁻¹
	T7	5.19× 10¹	3.34× 10²	1.38× 10⁻¹	6.23× 10⁻¹	9.13× 10⁻³	1.47× 10⁻²	5.20× 10¹	3.35× 10²	6.80× 10⁻¹	1.05	7.76× 10⁻³	2.94× 10⁻³	2.94× 10⁻⁴	1.13× 10⁻⁴	6.88× 10⁻¹	1.05
	T8	4.40× 10¹	2.83× 10²	1.17× 10⁻¹	5.28× 10⁻¹	7.74× 10⁻³	1.25× 10⁻²	4.41× 10¹	2.84× 10²	5.92× 10⁻¹	9.14× 10⁻¹	6.75× 10⁻³	2.56× 10⁻³	2.55× 10⁻⁴	9.87× 10⁻⁵	5.99× 10⁻¹	9.17× 10⁻¹

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表 7 研究区各点位不同途径重金属致癌暴露风险值

Table 7. Risk value of carcinogenic exposure to heavy metals by different pathways at various points in the study area

区域	采样点位	经口摄入		皮肤接触		呼吸吸入		$ {\mathrm{C}\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{s}} $
区域	采样点位	成人	儿童	成人	儿童	成人	儿童	成人	儿童
拆解区	T1	1.95×10⁻⁴	3.01×10⁻⁴	2.22×10⁻⁶	8.42×10⁻⁷	3.47×10⁻⁷	1.34×10⁻⁷	1.97×10⁻⁴	3.02×10⁻⁴
拆解区	T2	2.43×10⁻⁴	3.75×10⁻⁴	2.77×10⁻⁶	1.05×10⁻⁶	4.33×10⁻⁷	1.67×10⁻⁷	2.46×10⁻⁴	3.77×10⁻⁴
储存区	T3	2.75×10⁻⁴	4.26×10⁻⁴	3.14×10⁻⁶	1.19×10⁻⁶	4.91×10⁻⁷	1.90×10⁻⁷	2.79×10⁻⁴	4.27×10⁻⁴
储存区	T4	2.03×10⁻⁴	3.14×10⁻⁴	2.31×10⁻⁶	8.78×10⁻⁷	3.62×10⁻⁷	1.40×10⁻⁷	2.06×10⁻⁴	3.15×10⁻⁴
铅块成型区	T5	5.47×10⁻⁵	8.45×10⁻⁵	6.24×10⁻⁷	2.37×10⁻⁷	9.75×10⁻⁸	3.76×10⁻⁸	5.54×10⁻⁵	8.48×10⁻⁵
炼铅炉区	T6	2.18×10⁻⁴	3.37×10⁻⁴	2.48×10⁻⁷	9.43×10⁻⁷	3.88×10⁻⁷	1.50×10⁻⁷	2.21×10⁻⁴	3.38×10⁻⁴
	T7	3.06×10⁻⁴	4.73×10⁻⁴	3.49×10⁻⁶	1.32×10⁻⁶	5.45×10⁻⁷	2.11×10⁻⁷	3.10×10⁻⁴	4.75×10⁻⁴
	T8	2.66×10⁻⁴	4.11×10⁻⁴	3.04×10⁻⁶	1.15×10⁻⁶	4.75×10⁻⁷	1.83×10⁻⁷	2.70×10⁻⁴	4.13×10⁻⁴

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表 8 铅暴露下儿童血铅浓度预估值

Table 8. Children's predicted blood lead concentrations under lead exposure

年龄/岁	每日土壤和尘土摄入量/(μg/d)	每日铅总摄入量/(μg/d)	血铅浓度/(μg/L)
0~1	175.66	176.35	767.00
1~2	200.88	202.07	721.00
2~3	167.645	169.15	581.00
3~4	170.32	172.04	531.00
4~5	186.87	188.75	535.00
5~6	166.76	168.98	488.00
6~7	178.42	180.70	460.00

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