Current utilization, disposal and environmental management of drilling cuttings from oil and gas field exploitation
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摘要:
油气开采过程会产生大量水基钻屑和少量油基钻屑。当前，油气田钻井岩屑大多采用不落地处理工艺进行初步收集处理。钻井岩屑通常具有较高的pH、盐离子浓度、COD和含油量（油基钻屑）等，其合理处理处置是油气田绿色发展面临的一大难题。对比分析了国内外钻井岩屑的环境管理现状，系统梳理了我国钻屑环境管理方面存在的问题。同时，基于钻井岩屑污染特性综述了其后续资源化与无害化技术的研究和应用现状，并分析了各技术优缺点和处理效果。最后，对我国钻屑利用与处置提出了“建立水基钻屑分级分类管理制度、完善钻屑利用处置过程环境管理体系和加强钻屑源头减量和末端利用”的对策建议。
Abstract:Large quantities of water-based drilling cuttings and small quantities of oil-based drilling cuttings are produced in the process of oil and gas exploitation. Currently, drilling cuttings are preliminarily collected and processed by non-landing treatment in most oil and gas fields. The drilling cuttings have the characteristics of high pH, high salt ion concentrations, high COD, and high oil content for oil-based drilling cuttings, and therefore, the rational treatment and disposal of drilling cuttings is a difficulty for the green development of oil and gas fields. The current environmental management of drilling cuttings in China and other countries was compared and analyzed, and the corresponding problems of environmental management in China were identified. Based on the pollution characteristics of drilling cuttings, the research and application status of the follow-up resource and harmless technologies were summarized, and the treatment effect, the advantages and disadvantages of each technology were analyzed. Finally, some suggestions were put forward for the utilization and disposal of drilling cuttings in China, including establishing a water-based classification management system, improving the environmental management system for their utilization and disposal process, and strengthening the source reduction and end uses.
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图 1 典型油气田水基钻屑不落地处理工艺流程
Figure 1. Process flow of non-landing treatment of water-based drilling cuttings in typical oil and gas fields
图 2 典型油气田油基钻屑不落地处理工艺流程
Figure 2. Process flow of non-landing treatment of oil-based drilling cuttings in typical oil and gas fields
表 1 主要钻井液类别、药剂种类、适用范围及污染特性
Table 1. Summary of main drilling fluid categories, agent types, application scope and pollution characteristics
类型 组成特点 药剂种类 适用范围 污染特性 清水基钻井液 以水为连续相，但含水率超过90%，药剂使用量仅为4%~6%，严格意义上属于水基钻井液 膨润土、纯碱、烧碱、羧甲基纤维素等 常用于一开、二开上部钻井 药剂使用量中天然物质膨润土占比超80%，其他种类药剂添加量低，在6%~8%以内，一般无污染 水基钻井液 我国最常用的钻井液体系，其以水为连续相，相比清水基钻井液，药剂使用量增至20%~40%，含水率降至55%~70%，且随井深增加，二者分别呈现出上升和下降的趋势[8] 膨润土、纯碱、烧碱、聚丙烯酰胺、聚合物降滤失剂、防塌剂、润滑剂、降黏剂、重晶石粉等 常用于二开下部、三开钻井 pH高、COD高、重金属及可溶性盐浓度高 油基钻井液 以柴油、白油、原油等为连续相配置的钻井液，油类物质作为油基钻井液的主要成分，其含量一般为30%~60%[11] 膨润土、氧化沥青、乳化剂、润湿剂、降滤失剂、加重剂等 常用于三开钻井，也用于处理某些特殊情景（如高温钻井、水平井和作解卡液等） 油含量高、pH高、COD高、重金属及可溶性盐浓度高 
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表 2 国外不同地区钻屑的利用途径及含油量限值
Table 2. Disposal methods and oil content limits of drilling cuttings in different regions abroad
国家/标准名称 标准限值 加拿大Saskatchewan省发布的GL 99-01《Saskatchewan钻井废物管理指南》[16] 在征得土地所有人同意方可地耕处置低毒性矿油基钻井液，且地耕前需用堆肥、生物反应器等去除大部分油类，地耕后土壤中碳原子数11~22的石油烃含量应小于0.1%，碳原子数23~60的石油烃含量应小于0.4% 加拿大Alberta省能源利用委员发布的Interim Directive ID 99-4《油田废弃物进入垃圾填埋场》[17] 有人工防护层，但没有滤液收集处理系统的Ⅱ类填埋场的入场废物总石油烃（THP）含量不得超过3%；仅有自然黏土防护层的Ⅱ类填埋场的入场废物THP含量不得超过2% 加拿大Alberta省发布的Directive 058《关于上游石油工业油田废物管理要求》[18] 用于铺路时，废物THP含量不得超过5%；排入土壤环境时，废物THP含量不得超过2% 欧洲环境署发布的OSPAR Recommendation 2006/5《关于近海钻屑堆的管理制度》[19] 水中油损失速率不超过10 t/a且污染持久性不超过500 km2·a的钻屑堆可原地自然降解 法国[20] 排入湿地地区土壤中时，废物THP含量不得超过0.5%；排入旱地地区土壤中时，废物THP含量不得超过2% 新加坡[21] 填埋处置废物THP含量不得高于1.0% 卡塔尔[21] 排入土壤环境时，废物THP含量应小于0.1% 巴林群岛和迪拜[22] 排入土壤环境时，废物THP含量应小于1% 沙特阿拉伯[22] 排入土壤环境时，废物THP含量应小于5%
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表 3 我国水基钻屑利用处置技术汇总
Table 3. Summary of water-based drilling cuttings disposal and utilization technologies in China
利用处置方式 技术特点 优势 劣势 坑内填埋技术 废液池中的钻屑经自然沉降后，残余固相就地填埋 简单易行；就地填埋，无需运费，成本低 仅适于处理污染小的清水基钻屑；环境隐患大 固化技术 钻屑与水泥、石膏等固化剂胶结形成稳定、低浸出且有一定强度的固化体，常用固化剂单价在250~17 000元/t不等，单井固化费用约为20 000~55 000元[31] 操作简单；技术成熟；水基钻屑可与Ca(OH)2反应生成水化硅酸钙与钙矾石，提高固化体强度、减少污染物浸出；固化体可用作建筑材料 增容大（约20%）；对有机物[32]及氯盐[33]固化效果不佳；固化不均匀、风化或雨水淋溶等可能导致二次污染[34] 建材资源化 钻屑的主要化学组成为SiO2（46.22%）、CaO（14.72%）、Al2O3（11.80%）、Fe2O3（6.65%）[35]，与粉煤灰、黏土等组成类似，是良好的建筑原料替代品 实现钻屑的二次利用，具有一定的经济效益 技术尚不成熟；产品附加值低且缺乏市场竞争力
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