聚焦水生态环境突出问题，持续推进长江生态保护修复

李海生; 杨鹊平; 赵艳民

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20220091

聚焦水生态环境突出问题，持续推进长江生态保护修复

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20220091

李海生^{1, 2,},
杨鹊平^{1, 2},
赵艳民^{1, 2}

1.
中国环境科学研究院
2.
国家长江生态环境保护修复联合研究中心

基金项目: 长江生态环境保护修复联合研究项目（第一期）（2019-LHYJ-01）

详细信息

作者简介:
李海生（1964—），男，研究员，博士生导师，主要从事水污染治理、环境影响评价、能源与环境政策等研究，lihs@craes.org.cn

中图分类号: X522
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-01-26
- 录用日期: 2022-02-23
- 网络出版日期: 2022-04-06

Focusing on water eco-environment problems and sustainably promoting ecological conservation and restoration of the Yangtze River

LI Haisheng^{1, 2
,},
YANG Queping^{1, 2},
ZHAO Yanmin^{1, 2}

1.
Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences
2.
National Joint Research Center for Yangtze River Conservation

摘要

摘要: 加强长江生态环境保护，事关长江流域社会经济发展大局，不仅是维护长江流域生态环境安全的客观要求，也是落实中央重大政策的重要内容。依托长江生态环境保护修复联合研究项目（第一期），对长江流域水生态环境存在的问题进行诊断，并剖析成因，提出强化长江流域水生态环境保护修复的政策建议。长江流域水生态环境问题主要表现为资源开发导致河流连通性下降，湖泊湿地面积萎缩；污染物排放强度仍然较大，汛期水质恶化现象普遍；水生态系统退化，湖泊水华、长江口赤潮频发，渔业资源量下降，珍稀特有水生生物保护任重道远；水环境风险问题突出，突发性水污染事故频发。分析其成因主要包括：城市化、人口集聚进程加快与环境基础设施短板存在矛盾，生态环境治理协同性仍然不足，国土空间管控不到位，气候变化带来新挑战。据此提出如下对策建议：1）在流域水平上强化国土空间管控，落实“三线一单”；2）补齐基础设施短板，深化污染防治；3）推进“三水”统筹，持续开展生态修复；4）加强政策协同，推进多元共治；5）强化制度创新，提升科技支撑能力。为持续打好长江保护修复攻坚战，推动长江经济带成为我国生态优先绿色发展主战场提供参考。
- 长江流域 /
- 长江经济带 /
- 问题诊断 /
- 成因分析 /
- "三水"统筹 /
- 保护对策
Abstract: Strengthening the protection of the eco-environment of the Yangtze River is related to the overall situation of socio-economic development in the Yangtze River Basin, which is not only an objective requirement for maintaining the eco-environmental safety of the Yangtze River Basin, but also an important part of implementing major central policies. Relying on the first phase of the joint research project on the eco-environmental conservation and restoration of the Yangtze River, the problems existing in the water eco-environment of the basin were diagnosed, the causes were analyzed, and the policy suggestions for strengthening the conservation and restoration of the water eco-environment were put forward. The main water eco-environmental problems in the Yangtze River Basin included: the decline of the river connectivity and the shrinking of the area of lakes and wetlands caused by the development of resources in the basin; the relatively large intensity of pollutant discharge, and the common deterioration of water quality during the flood season common; the degradation of water ecosystems, the frequent occurrence of lake blooms and red tides in the Yangtze River estuary and the decline in fishery resources, which meant a long way to go with the protection of rare and unique aquatic organisms; the prominent water environmental risk problems, and the frequent occurrence of sudden water pollution accidents. The causes of water eco-environmental problems in the Yangtze River Basin mainly included: the contradiction between the accelerated process of urbanization and population agglomeration and the shortcoming of the environmental infrastructures; the synergy of eco-environmental governance was still insufficient; the control and governance of territorial space was not in place; and the climate change brought new challenges. Accordingly, some countermeasures and suggestions were proposed, including strengthening territorial space management and control at the watershed level and implementing "Three Lines and One List" policy; making up for the shortcomings of infrastructure and deepening pollution prevention and control; promoting the overall planning of "Three Waters" and continuing to carry out ecological restoration; strengthening policy coordination and promoting diversified co-governance; strengthening institutional innovation and enhancing scientific and technological support capabilities, in order to provide a reference for continuing to fight the battle of protection and restoration of the Yangtze River, and for promoting the Yangtze River Economic Belt to become the main battlefield of China′s ecological priority and green development.
- Yangtze River Basin /
- Yangtze River Economic Belt /
- problem diagnosis /
- cause analysis /
- "Three Waters" coordination /
- conservation countermeasures

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图 1 长江经济带区域废水与主要污染物排放量及其在全国的占比

Figure 1. Discharge of wastewater and main pollutants in the Yangtze River Economic Belt and their proportions in the whole country

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 2008—2020年长江流域及干流国控监测断面水质类别变化

Figure 2. Changes of water quality categories of national controlled monitoring sections in the mainstream of the Yangtze River in 2008-2020

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 2020年长江流域优良水质断面占比

Figure 3. Percentage of excellent and good water quality sections in the Yangtze River Basin in 2020

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 近30年长江口及邻近海域赤潮发生次数

Figure 4. Red tide outbreaks in the Yangtze River estuary and adjacent sea area in recent 30 years

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 2006—2019年长江经济带突发环境事件数量分布

Figure 5. Number and distribution of environmental emergencies in the Yangtze River Economic Belt in 2006-2019

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 2011—2019年长江经济带各省（市）及全国人均GDP

Figure 6. Per capita GDP of the provinces in the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the whole country during 2011-2019

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 2011—2019年长江经济带各省（市）及全国单位建成区面积环境基础设施投资

Figure 7. Environmental infrastructure investments per square kilometers of built-up area in the provinces of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the whole country in 2011-2019

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 2011—2020年长江经济带各省（市）及全国城市污水处理能力

Figure 8. Urban sewage treatment capacity of the provinces in the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the whole country in 2011-2020

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 长江经济带各省（市）国控监测断面TP平均浓度

Table 1. Average TP concentration of national controlled monitoring sites in each province in the Yangtze River Economic Belt mg/L

省（市）	2016年	2017年	2018年	2019年	2020年
上海	0.16	0.14	0.12	0.13	0.11
江苏	0.13	0.12	0.12	0.11	0.10
浙江	0.12	0.11	0.09	0.11	0.10
安徽	0.10	0.10	0.09	0.07	0.07
江西	0.08	0.09	0.09	0.07	0.06
湖北	0.10	0.09	0.08	0.07	0.07
湖南	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.06	0.05
重庆	0.11	0.11	0.09	0.08	0.07
四川	0.14	0.12	0.09	0.09	0.07
贵州	0.13	0.10	0.08	0.07	0.06
云南	0.16	0.16	0.15	0.11	0.10
区域	0.11	0.10	0.09	0.08	0.07

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 长江经济带各省（市）国控监测断面Ⅰ类~Ⅲ类水质断面占比

Table 2. Proportion of national controlled monitoring sites with water quality category Ⅰ-Ⅲ in each province in the Yangtze River Economic Belt %

省（市）	2016年	2017年	2018年	2019年	2020年
上海	75	90	90	90	100
江苏	61	61	61	70	71
浙江	74	93	89	93	96
安徽	72	72	71	81	84
江西	82	77	79	82	89
湖北	82	84	86	85	90
湖南	79	78	79	82	85
重庆	93	88	90	100	100
四川	72	76	89	98	99
贵州	86	81	95	95	97
云南	49	45	55	55	64
区域	76	77	81	84	88

下载: 导出CSV

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