土壤污染物健康风险评价技术现状及发展趋势

王红梅; 吴健芳; 田自强; 李宇婷; 龚斌

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20220027

土壤污染物健康风险评价技术现状及发展趋势

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20220027

中国环境科学研究院水生态环境研究所

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目（2021YFC1809104）

详细信息

作者简介:
王红梅(1971—)，女，研究员，博士，主要从事环境污染与风险控制研究，wanghmxj@163.com

中图分类号: X53
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-01-11

Status and development trend of soil pollutant health risk assessment technology

Institute of Water Ecology and Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences

摘要

摘要:
我国土壤污染总体形势依然严峻。土壤污染物人体健康风险评估（health risk assessment，HRA）成为支撑土地分类管理、行业准入管理、土壤污染风险管控的核心技术之一。梳理分析了国内外土壤污染物HRA发展现状，明确土壤污染物HRA技术发展趋势是在传统“四步法”程序的框架下，进一步与评价空间化、生物有效性精细化以及暴露特征定量化等技术融合。进一步以土壤修复目标值及合理规划土地安全利用的环境需求为例，分析了土壤HRA技术在环境管理实践中的不足，提出土壤污染物HRA技术在承载力评价与排放源管理上仍是薄弱环节。为有效管控土壤风险，提出未来HRA技术重点可以“污染源—途径—敏感保护”为突破点，以实现通过设定管控单元HRA风险约束性指标来指导产业调整的目标的建议。
- 土壤污染物 /
- 健康风险评估 /
- 空间化 /
- 土地安全利用规划 /
- 修复标准
Abstract:
The overall situation of soil pollution in China is still severe. Human health risk assessment (HRA) on soil pollutants has become one of the core technologies which supports land classification management, industry access management and soil pollution risk control. The development status of soil pollutant HRA at home and abroad was summarized, and a conclusion was drawn that the trend of soil pollutant HRA technology followed the framework of traditional "four-step" procedure, and further integrated with the technologies of the spatialization of evaluation, refinement of bioavailability and quantification of exposure characteristics. Taking the target value of soil remediation and the environmental demand for rational planning of land safe use as examples, the shortcomings of soil HRA technology in management practice were analyzed, and it was put forward that soil pollutant HRA technology was still the weak link in carrying capacity evaluation and emission source management. In order to effectively control the soil risks, it was suggested that the focus of HRA technology in the future was to take the "pollution source-route-sensitive protection" as the breakthrough point and achieve the goal of guiding industrial adjustment by setting binding indicators of HRA risk for the control units.
- soil pollutant /
- health risk assessment (HRA) /
- spatialization /
- land safety use planning /
- restoration standard

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图 1 土壤污染物不同暴露途径

Figure 1. Different exposure routes of soil pollutants

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