近自然湿地生态修复的概念、理论与实践

李春华; 叶春; 刘福兴; 魏伟伟; 郑烨

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210832

近自然湿地生态修复的概念、理论与实践

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210832

李春华^{1, 2,},
叶春^{1, 2, ,},
刘福兴³,
魏伟伟^{1, 2},
郑烨^{1, 2}

1.
湖泊水污染治理与生态修复技术国家工程实验室, 国家环境保护湖泊污染控制重点实验室, 中国环境科学研究院
2.
环境基准与风险评估国家重点实验室, 中国环境科学研究院
3.
上海市农业科学院, 上海低碳农业工程技术研究中心

基金项目: 国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项(2012ZX07101-009，2017ZX07203-005)

详细信息

作者简介:
李春华(1977—)，女，研究员，博士，主要从事湖泊生态修复与技术研究，297535203@qq.com

通讯作者:
叶春(1970—)，男，研究员，博士，主要从事湖泊富营养化治理和生态恢复理论与技术研究，yechbj@163.com

中图分类号: X524
计量
- 文章访问数: 530
- HTML全文浏览量: 285
- PDF下载量: 167
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-12-16

Concept, theory and practice of near-natural wetland ecological restoration

LI Chunhua^{1, 2
,},
YE Chun^{1, 2
, ,},
LIU Fuxing³,
WEI Weiwei^{1, 2},
ZHENG Ye^{1, 2}

1.
National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences
2.
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences
3.
Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-Carbon Agriculture

摘要

摘要:
随着对湿地重要性认知的提高，我国对湿地生态修复技术的需求也日益增加，其中近自然湿地生态修复备受关注。描述了近自然概念的由来，提出了近自然湿地的定义并辨析了其与人工湿地的主要区别。以太湖竺山湖湿地生态修复为例，介绍了近自然湿地生态修复的设计思路、主要技术措施和修复效果。在竺山湖近自然湿地生态修复中，依次实施了水文水动力改善、基底形态营造、植物恢复、水生动物恢复、生物量管理等措施，具体包括：改善水体连通性和流动性，提高生境多样性和适宜性；基于5种基底形态对污染物去除效果的分析，构建了多起伏型基底形态；根据土著适生、净化水质、兼顾景观等原则，筛选出21属35种土著湿地植物，设计并应用了2种植物配置模式；根据生态系统调控（EwE）模型对湿地食物网结构的分析结果，对水生植物收割量、鱼类及虾蟹类的种群数量提出了调控建议。生态修复后竺山湖水质由劣Ⅴ类改善为Ⅱ类（GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》），大型水生植物多样性显著提高。竺山湖湿地生态修复效果验证了近自然生态修复方法的有效性，今后还需不断在实践应用过程中丰富近自然湿地生态修复的理论及技术，并开展大规模的实践应用。
- 近自然湿地法 /
- 生态修复 /
- 基底形态 /
- 竺山湖湿地 /
- 太湖
Abstract:
With the increasing recognition of the importance of wetlands, the demand for wetland ecological restoration techniques is increasing in China, among which near-natural wetland restoration method has attracted more and more attention. The history of the development of near-natural method was reviewed. The definition of near-natural wetland was put forward, and the main differences between near-natural wetland and constructed wetland were analyzed. The ecological restoration of Zhushanhu wetland in Taihu Lake was used as an example to illustrate the design process, main technical measures and restoration effects of near-natural ecological restoration. In the near-natural ecological restoration of Zhushanhu wetland, measures such as the improvement of hydrological and hydrodynamic conditions, the construction of basement forms, plant restoration, aquatic animal restoration, and biomass and species management were successively implemented. The connectivity and mobility of water bodies were improved, the habitat diversity and suitability were enhanced. The wave style basal morphology was constructed based on five types of basement morphology. According to the principles of suitable habitat, priority of water purification and consideration of landscape, 35 species of indigenous wetland plants from 21 genera were selected, and two plant configuration models were designed and used in Zhushanhu wetland restoration process. Based on the analysis results of Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) model on the structure of wetland food web, some suggestions were put forward on regulating the harvest of aquatic plants and the population number of shrimps, crabs and fishes. After ecological restoration, the water quality of Zhushanhu wetland was improved from below Class Ⅴ to Class Ⅱ of Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB 3838-2002), and the diversity of large aquatic plants increased significantly. The ecological restoration effect of Zhushanhu wetland has proved the effectiveness of near-natural ecological restoration methods. In the future, it is necessary to continuously enrich the theory and technology of near-natural ecological restoration in practice and carry out large-scale practical applications.
- near-natural wetland technology /
- ecological restoration /
- basement morphology /
- Zhushanhu wetland /
- Taihu Lake

HTML全文

图 1 竺山湖湿地位置

Figure 1. Location of Zhushanhu wetland

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 5种不同湿地基底形态示意

Figure 2. Five types of basement structures of wetlands

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 生态修复前后水体TP及TN浓度变化

Figure 3. Variation of concentration of TN and TP before and after ecological restoration

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 生态修复前后Margalef 丰富度指数变化

Figure 4. Change in Margalef richness indices before and after ecological restoration

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 竺山湖湿地生态修复前后实景

Figure 5. Photos of Zhushanhu wetland before and after ecological restoration

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 近自然湿地与人工湿地的主要区别

Table 1. Main differences between near-natural wetlands and constructed wetlands

项目	近自然湿地	人工湿地
要素运用	以自然恢复为主，人工措施为辅	以人工措施、设施的建设为主
措施强弱	强化、净化措施具有临时性（随着生态系统恢复，这些措施将逐渐被弱化、撤除）	强化、净化措施具有持久性
维护管理	最终发展为自维持的稳定湿地生态系统	需要定期维护、管理

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(52)

[1]	KLÖTZLI F, GROOTJANS A P. Restoration of natural and semi-natural wetland systems in central Europe: progress and predictability of developments[J]. Restoration Ecology,2001,9(2):209-219. doi: 10.1046/j.1526-100x.2001.009002209.x
[2]	HENNIG D H.Natural and near natural tropical forest values[C]//USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-64.Fort Collins,CO,US:Department of Agriculture,Forest Service,Rocky Mountain Research Station,2011:217-225.
[3]	SCHOU E, JACOBSEN J B, KRISTENSEN K L. An economic evaluation of strategies for transforming even-aged into near-natural forestry in a conifer-dominated forest in Denmark[J]. Forest Policy and Economics,2012,20:89-98. doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2012.02.010
[4]	GRANT G. Near-natural drainage[M]. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2016.
[5]	MIYAWAKI A. Restoration of urban green environments based on the theories of vegetation ecology[J]. Ecological Engineering,1998,11(1/2/3/4):157-165.
[6]	彭鸿, 张海峰.“近自然”生态工法理论和实践的发展与当今坡面整治技术的思考[J]. 山地学报,2005,23(6):6729-6735. doi: 10.16089/j.cnki.1008-2786.2005.06.014 PENG H, ZHANG H F. Development of theory and practice of eco-engineering and thoughts on present measures for slope control[J]. Journal of Mountain Research,2005,23(6):6729-6735. doi: 10.16089/j.cnki.1008-2786.2005.06.014
[7]	高甲荣, 肖斌.荒溪近自然管理的景观生态学基础: 欧洲阿尔卑斯山地荒溪管理研究述评[J]. 山地学报,1999,17(3):244-249. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-2786.1999.03.010 GAO J R, XIAO B. Principles of landscape ecology in near natural torrent management[J]. Journal of Mountain Research,1999,17(3):244-249. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-2786.1999.03.010
[8]	ODUM H T, ODUM B. Concepts and methods of ecological engineering[J]. Ecological Engineering,2003,20(5):339-361. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2003.08.008
[9]	MITSCH W J. Ecology, ecological engineering, and the Odum brothers[J]. Ecological Engineering,2003,20(5):331-338. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2003.09.001
[10]	MITSCH W J. Energy flow in a pulsing system: Howard T. Odum[J]. Ecological Engineering,1994,3(2):77-83. doi: 10.1016/0925-8574(94)90014-0
[11]	黄琼彪.环境伦理与生态工法[J]. 水土保持研究,2005,12(5):7-15. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-3409.2005.05.002 HUANG Q B. Environmental ethics and ecological engineering method[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,12(5):7-15. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-3409.2005.05.002
[12]	段红东, 王建平, 李发鹏.国外生态水利工程建设理念、实践及其启示[J]. 水利发展研究,2019,19(7):64-67.
[13]	张仲胜, 于小娟, 宋晓林, 等.水文连通对湿地生态系统关键过程及功能影响研究进展[J]. 湿地科学,2019,17(1):1-8. ZHANG Z S, YU X J, SONG X L, et al. Impacts of hydrological connectivity on key ecological processes and functions in wetlands: a general review[J]. Wetland Science,2019,17(1):1-8.
[14]	TRIGG M A, MICHAELIDES K, NEAL J C, et al. Surface water connectivity dynamics of a large scale extreme flood[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2013,505:138-149. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.09.035
[15]	崔保山, 蔡燕子, 谢湉, 等.湿地水文连通的生态效应研究进展及发展趋势[J]. 北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2016,52(6):738-746. CUI B S, CAI Y Z, XIE T, et al. Ecological effects of wetland hydrological connectivity: problems and prospects[J]. Journal of Beijing Normal University (Natural Science),2016,52(6):738-746.
[16]	张莉, 张杰龙.以栖息地修复为导向的湿地公园设计方法: 以云南省保山市青华湿地为例[J]. 景观设计学,2020,8(3):90-101. doi: 10.15302/J-LAF-1-030016 ZHANG L, ZHANG J L. Wetland park design for habitat restoration:case study on the qinghua wetland in Baoshan, Yunnan Province[J]. Landscape Architecture Frontiers,2020,8(3):90-101. doi: 10.15302/J-LAF-1-030016
[17]	生态环境部. 关于印发《河湖缓冲带生态保护修复技术指南》的通知: 环办水体函〔2021〕558号[A/OL]. (2021-12-15)[2021-12-20]. http://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk06/202112/t20211215_964234.html.
[18]	潘福霞, 来晓双, 李欣, 等.不同湿地植物脱氮效果与根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性特征分析[J]. 环境科学研究,2020,33(6):1497-1503. PAN F X, LAI X S, LI X, et al. Nitrogen removal efficiencies and rhizosphere soil microbial community functional diversities of different plants in constructed wetlands[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2020,33(6):1497-1503.
[19]	徐治国, 何岩, 闫百兴, 等.湿地植物对外源氮、磷输入的响应研究[J]. 环境科学研究,2007,20(1):64-68. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-6929.2007.01.012 XU Z G, HE Y, YAN B X, et al. Response of wetland plants to nitrogen and phosphorus inputs[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2007,20(1):64-68. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-6929.2007.01.012
[20]	YE C, YU H C, KONG H N, et al. Community collocation of four submerged macrophytes on two kinds of sediments in Lake Taihu, China[J]. Ecological Engineering,2009,35(11):1656-1663. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.05.008
[21]	RODRIGO M A. Wetland restoration with hydrophytes: a review[J]. Plants (Basel, Switzerland),2021,10(6):1035.
[22]	黄晓艺. 基于四重筛选法的生态修复适宜水生植物筛选研究: 以无锡滨湖区出入湖河口为例[D]. 南宁: 广西大学, 2019.
[23]	叶春, 李春华. 太湖湖滨带现状与生态修复[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2014.
[24]	杜建刚, 赵宪钧.加强水生野生动物保护与管理促进水生生物资源恢复与发展[J]. 河南水产,2009(3):3-4.
[25]	方冬冬, 邹远超, 危起伟.多维视角下的水生野生动物保护与利用探析[J]. 中国水产科学,2020,27(8):980-1002. FANG D D, ZOU Y C, WEI Q W. Protection and utilization of aquatic wildlife from a multi-dimensional perspective[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2020,27(8):980-1002.
[26]	郭士林, 叶春, 李春华, 等. 湿地生态系统调控研究综述[C]//2015年中国环境科学学会学术年会论文集(第二卷). 北京: 中国环境科学学会, 2015: 46-52.
[27]	吕金霞, 王文杰, 蒋卫国, 等.湿地可恢复性评价方法及其应用: 以天津滨海新区为例[J]. 环境工程技术学报,2020,10(1):9-16. doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20190091 LÜ J X, WANG W J, JIANG W G, et al. Methodology study on the wetland restorability evaluation and its application in Binhai New Area, Tianjin City[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2020,10(1):9-16. doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20190091
[28]	赵大鹏, 吴金泽. 从“原生态”到“伪生态”的实践谬误[C]//多元与包容: 中国城市规划年会会议论文集. 北京: 中国城市规划学会, 2012: 1-8.
[29]	刘志勇, 边军辉, 刘培国.Mathematica在最速降线问题中的应用[J]. 西安文理学院学报(自然科学版),2013,16(1):91-94. LIU Z Y, BIAN J H, LIU P G. On the application of Mathematica in brachistochrone[J]. Journal of Xi'an University of Arts & Science (Natural Science Edition),2013,16(1):91-94.
[30]	徐雷.最速下降曲线实验[J]. 教育教学论坛,2018(4):190-191. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-9324.2018.04.082 XU L. The brachistochrone curve experiment[J]. Education Teaching Forum,2018(4):190-191. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-9324.2018.04.082
[31]	NISHIYAMA Y. The brachistochrone curve: the problem of quickest descent[J]. Osaka Keidai Ronshu,2011,61(6):309-316.
[32]	王建华, 田景汉, 李小雁.基于生态系统管理的湿地概念生态模型研究[J]. 生态环境学报,2009,18(2):738-742. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-5906.2009.02.061 WANG J H, TIAN J H, LI X Y. Study of wetland conceptual ecological models based on ecosystem management[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2009,18(2):738-742. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-5906.2009.02.061
[33]	洪德志.保障湿地生态系统稳定发展管理模式研究[J]. 科技创新与应用,2012(18):94.
[34]	白洁, 马静, 徐基良, 等.我国湿地保护管理现状与优化对策[J]. 世界林业研究,2012,25(4):58-62. doi: 10.13348/j.cnki.sjlyyj.2012.04.003 BAI J, MA J, XU J L, et al. Current status and optimization strategies of wetland conservation and management in China[J]. World Forestry Research,2012,25(4):58-62. doi: 10.13348/j.cnki.sjlyyj.2012.04.003
[35]	JANSSEN R, GOOSEN H, VERHOEVEN M L, et al. Decision support for integrated wetland management[J]. Environmental Modelling & Software,2005,20(2):215-229.
[36]	KHONDOKER S. Wetland management in Bangladesh: a study on Beel Bakar[J]. Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries,2014,3(4):320. doi: 10.11648/j.aff.20140304.25
[37]	谭正洲. 昆明市官渡区湿地保护与管理对策研究[D]. 昆明: 云南师范大学, 2020.
[38]	FITZSIMMONS O N, BALLARD B M, MERENDINO M T, et al. Implications of coastal wetland management to nonbreeding waterbirds in Texas[J]. Wetlands,2012,32(6):1057-1066. doi: 10.1007/s13157-012-0336-2
[39]	O’BRIEN L, MCGINNESS H M. Ibis and spoonbill chick growth and energy requirements: implications for wetland and water management[J]. Wetlands Ecology and Management,2019,27(5/6):725-742.
[40]	COHEN-SHACHAM E, DAYAN T, de GROOT R, et al. Using the ecosystem services concept to analyse stakeholder involvement in wetland management[J]. Wetlands Ecology and Management,2015,23(2):241-256. doi: 10.1007/s11273-014-9375-1
[41]	MA Q F, CUI L J, SONG H T, et al. Wetland protection in Beijing,China:the importance of legislation[J]. Wetlands Ecology and Management,2015,23(6):1005-1013. doi: 10.1007/s11273-013-9284-8
[42]	BARAKAGIRA A, de WIT A H. The role of wetland management agencies within the local community in the conservation of wetlands in Uganda[J]. Environmental & Socio-Economic Studies,2019,7(1):59-74.
[43]	DAWSON L, ELBAKIDZE M, SCHELLENS M, et al. Bogs, birds, and berries in Belarus: the governance and management dynamics of wetland restoration in a state-centric, top-down context[J]. Ecology and Society,2021,26:8.
[44]	赵英, 柴陆军, 王新民. 植被自维持生态修复技术与应用效果[C]//中国环境科学学会科学与技术年会论文集(第三卷). 北京: 中国环境科学学会, 2017: 4135-4137.
[45]	WITZANY G. International journal of signs and semiotic systems[J]. Biological Self-Organization,2014,3:1-11.
[46]	孔祥龙, 叶春, 李春华, 等.凹形基底自然湿地中理化指标的分布特征[J]. 环境污染与防治,2015,37(12):45-50. doi: 10.15985/j.cnki.1001-3865.2015.12.009 KONG X L, YE C, LI C H, et al. The distribution characteristics of physicochemical index in concave base natural wetland[J]. Environmental Pollution & Control,2015,37(12):45-50. doi: 10.15985/j.cnki.1001-3865.2015.12.009
[47]	许浩, 蔡永久, 汤祥明, 等.太湖大型底栖动物群落结构与水环境生物评价[J]. 湖泊科学,2015,27(5):840-852. doi: 10.18307/2015.0510 XU H, CAI Y J, TANG X M, et al. Community structure of macrozoobenthos and the evaluation of water environment in Lake Taihu[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2015,27(5):840-852. doi: 10.18307/2015.0510
[48]	CHRISTENSEN V, PAULY D. Flow characteristics of aquatic ecosystems[J]. Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems,1993,26:338-352.
[49]	CHRISTENSEN V, WALTERS C J. Ecopath with Ecosim: methods, capabilities and limitations[J]. Ecological Modelling,2004,172(2/3/4):109-139.
[50]	OUYANG L J, LIU W, WANG Y B. Primary establishment of EWE model in Caohai Nature Reserve[J]. Meteorological and Environmental Research,2011(7):1-4.
[51]	DENG L, LIU S L, DONG S K, et al. Application of Ecopath model on trophic interactions and energy flows of impounded Manwan Reservoir ecosystem in Lancang River, southwest China[J]. Journal of Freshwater Ecology,2015,30(2):281-297. doi: 10.1080/02705060.2014.942893
[52]	LI C H, XIAN Y, YE C, et al. Wetland ecosystem status and restoration using the Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) model[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2019,658:305-314. ◇ doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.128