长江干流江苏段及环太湖区域典型城市水生态环境问题解析及控制对策

王峥; 朱洪涛; 孙德智

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210704

长江干流江苏段及环太湖区域典型城市水生态环境问题解析及控制对策

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210704

王峥^{1, 2,},
朱洪涛^{1, 2},
孙德智^{1, 2, ,}

1.
北京林业大学, 水体污染源控制技术北京市重点实验室
2.
北京林业大学, 污染水体源控与生态修复技术北京高校工程研究中心

基金项目: 长江生态环境保护修复联合研究项目（第一期）（2019-LHYJ-01)

详细信息

作者简介:
王峥（1999—），女，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为城市水环境治理，wangzheng99@bjfu.edu.cn

通讯作者:
孙德智（1960—），男，教授，主要从事污染水体源控与生态修复研究，sundezhi@bjfu.edu.cn

中图分类号: X321
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-11-16

Analysis and control countermeasures of water eco-environment problems in typical cities in Jiangsu Province reach of the Yangtze River and the area around Taihu Lake

WANG Zheng^{1, 2
,},
ZHU Hongtao^{1, 2},
SUN Dezhi^{1, 2
, ,}

1.
Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Beijing Forestry University
2.
Research Center for Source Control & Eco-remediation of Water Pollution, Beijing Forestry University

摘要

摘要:
长江下游江苏段及环太湖区域作为我国经济高度发达的区域之一，城市发展带来的污染物排放量不断增加但污水收集处理能力有限等原因使得区域内城市水生态环境出现一系列问题。以该区域内10个城市为研究对象，从水环境质量、水资源、水生态和饮用水安全4个方面总结区域城市水生态环境特点，从污染源排放负荷、城市污水收集处理利用、城市面源、工业污染及风险、水生态等方面解析区域城市水生态环境存在的问题。结果表明：区域内城市主要污染源为生活源，但城市面源占比也较大；区域污水收集与处理利用能力有待提升，雨季水质较差；工业污染呈现明显的化工及纺织印染行业污染特点；城市化干扰带来的区域湖泊富营养化、河网水系结构改变等导致水生态功能退化。根据区域城市特征问题及解析结果，提出水资源保护、城市生活源控制、城市面源控制、工业污染及风险防控与水生态修复的对策建议。
- 长江干流江苏段 /
- 环太湖区域 /
- 城市水环境 /
- 特征问题解析 /
- 控制对策
Abstract:
As one of the economically highly developed regions in China, Jiangsu Province of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the area around Taihu Lake have presented a series of problems in the urban water eco-environment, due to the increasing pollutant discharges brought by urban development and the limited sewage collection and treatment capacity. The characteristics of the urban water eco-environment of 10 cities in this area were summarized from four aspects: water environmental quality, water resources, aquatic ecology and drinking water safety. The existing problems of the regional urban water eco-environment were analyzed from the aspects of pollution source discharge load, urban sewage collection, treatment and reclamation, urban non-point source, industrial sources and risks, aquatic ecology and so on. The results showed that the major source of urban pollutants in the studied region was the urban domestic source, followed by the non-point source in the urban area. The capacity of sewage collection and treatment needed to be improved and the water quality during the rainy season was poor. Industrial pollution showed obvious characteristics in the chemical and textile printing and dyeing industries. The eutrophication and the change of river network structure caused by urbanization led to the degradation of water ecological functions. And then, according to the above characteristics problems and analytical results of regional cities, the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions for water resources protection, urban domestic source control, urban non-point sources control, industrial pollution and risk prevention and control, and the restoration of water ecology were put forward.
- Jiangsu Province reach of the Yangtze River /
- region around Taihu Lake /
- urban water environment /
- analysis of characteristic problems /
- control countermeasures

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图 1 长江干流江苏段及环太湖区域概况

Figure 1. General situation of Jiangsu Province reach of the Yangtze River and the area around Taihu Lake

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 长江干流江苏段及环太湖区域断面水质情况

Figure 2. Water quality of the sections of Jiangsu Province reach of the Yangtze River and the area around Taihu Lake

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 2016—2020年长江干流江苏段及环太湖区域城市人均水资源量与水资源开发利用率^[15]

Figure 3. Water resources per capita and utilization rate of Jiangsu Province rerach of the Yangtze River and the area around Taihu Lake in 2016-2020

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 长江干流江苏段及环太湖区域各城市污染负荷来源及排放量占比

Figure 4. Pollutant sources apportionment and ratios of cities in Jiangsu Province reach of the Yangtze River and the area around Taihu Lake

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 长江干流江苏段及环太湖区域城市污水收集处理再生利用情况^[30]

Figure 5. Urban sewage collection, treatment and reclamation of Jiangsu Province reach of the Yangtze River and the area around Taihu Lake

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 2019年长江干流江苏段及环太湖区域月均降水量

Figure 6. Monthly mean rainfall of Jiangsu Province reach of the Yangtze River and the area around Taihu Lake in 2019

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表 1 长江干流江苏段及环太湖区域各城市水生态特征

Table 1. Water ecological characteristics of cities in Jiangsu Province reach of the Yangtze River and the area around Taihu Lake

城市	水生态特征
无锡^[16]	总体呈中到重度污染，河流健康处于基本健康等级以下
常州^[17]	部分功能区水生态健康状况不达标
苏州^[9]	底栖动物和浮游植物生物多样性级别为一般；着生藻类和浮游动物为丰富和较丰富，水生植物种类单一，且覆盖度低
嘉兴^[18-19]	高等水生生物种类和数量普遍较少
湖州	水生生物指标总体状况为一般
南京^[20]	生物多样性指数总体为中度污染
镇江	底栖动物物种多样性为一般
扬州^[20]	水生态状况为良
南通^[21]	水生态状况为良

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 长江干流江苏段及环太湖区域各类污染源的污染物排放量

Table 2. Pollutant sources apportionment of Jiangsu Province reach of the Yangtze River and the area around Taihu Lake

污染源	COD		氨氮		总氮		总磷
污染源	排放量/（t/a)	占比/%	排放量/（t/a)	占比/%	排放量/（t/a)	占比/%	排放量/（t/a)	占比/%
工业源	73 944.23	16.01	4 366.68	17.09	20 698.41	26.66	630.38	16.42
城市生活源	205 269.65	44.44	18 509.28	72.42	48 936.70	63.04	2 450.18	63.80
城市面源	182 735.52	39.55	2 681.41	10.49	7 992.14	10.30	759.55	19.78
合计	461 949.40	100	25 557.37	100	77 627.26	100	3 840.12	100

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表 3 长江干流江苏及环太湖区域各城市工业源特征

Table 3. Industrial source characteristics of cities in Jiangsu Province reach of the Yangtze River and the area around Taihu Lake

城市	工业源特征
常州	钢铁冶炼业、金属表面及热处理加工业所排污染物的入河量较大
苏州	纺织业占全市COD、氨氮、总磷和总氮工业源排放量的比例分别为54.61%、52.64%、48.29%和45.71%
嘉兴	纺织业COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷排放量分别占全市工业污染物排放总量的56%、52%、54%和63%，其次为造纸行业和化学品制造业
湖州	纺织染整业废水排放量和COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷排放量分别占全市工业源排放总量的74.8%和62.1%、41.9%、32.6%和43.7%
南京	污染物排放量较高的行业为包括有机化学原料制造行业、原油加工及石油制品制造行业
镇江	电镀行业废水中重金属浓度偏高
扬州	污染物排放量较大的工业行业包括化学原料及化学制品制造业、电/热力生产供应等
泰州	化学原料及化学制品制造业、医药制造业废水排放量较大，化学原料及化学制品制造业、有色金属冶炼及压延加工业和农副食品制造业的污染物排放量较大
南通	印染、化工、钢丝绳等企业数量多

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