Analysis of water eco-environmental problems and related countermeasures for cities in Sichuan region of the Yangtze River Basin
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摘要:
以长江流域四川区域18个城市为研究对象，分析了近5年区域内长江干流（四川段）、支流岷沱江和嘉陵江流域典型城市建成区的水环境质量变化趋势及主要污染指标，估算流域内城镇生活源、工业源和城市面源化学需氧量（COD）、氨氮、总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）污染排放负荷，解析城市水生态环境问题及成因。结果表明：近5年长江流域四川区域城市水体水质逐年向好，TP、氨氮、TN和COD是区域内水体的主要污染指标；城镇生活源为区域城市的主要污染源，城市基础设施建设不足、部分城市工业污染问题突出、丰水期城市面源负荷较大、资源型和水质型缺水并存等导致了城市水生态环境问题。在此基础上，提出通过推进城镇污水收集和处理系统提质增效、实施典型工业废水专项治理、建设溢流污水处理设施、开展城市水体生态修复等措施进一步提升长江流域四川区域城市水生态环境质量。
Abstract:Taking 18 cities in Sichuan region of the Yangtze River Basin as research objects, the water environment quality change trend and the main pollution indexes of the urban built-up areas at the main stream of the Yangtze River as well as the Minjiang-Tuojiang River and Jialing River tributary streams in Sichuan region of the Yangtze River Basin from 2016 to 2020 were investigated. The pollution discharge load of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) from the urban domestic sources, industrial sources and urban non-point sources of the typical cities were also estimated, to analyze the problems and causes of urban water eco-environmental problems. The results showed that water quality of urban water bodies in Sichuan region of the Yangtze River Basin had improved year by year in the recent five years, and TP, NH3-N, TN and COD were the main pollution indexes of water bodies in the region. In addition, the domestic source was the main pollution source of the cities in the region. The insufficient urban infrastructure construction , the prominent industrial pollution problems of some cities, large urban non-point source load in wet season and the coexistence of water resources and water quality shortage were the main reasons which led to the water eco-environmental problems in the cities. On this basis, countermeasures and suggestions on further improving the quality of urban water ecological environment in Sichuan region of the Yangtze River Basin were put forward, including strengthening the construction of urban sewage collection and treatment facilities, treating typical industrial wastewater specially, strengthening the construction of rainwater and wastewater diversion pipelines and rainwater collection devices, and repairing polluted surface water with ecological methods.
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图 1 长江流域四川区域水系及典型城市分布
Figure 1. Water systems and typical city distribution in Sichuan region of the Yangtze River Basin
图 2 长江流域四川区域城市建成区内国控断面水质类别占比
Figure 2. Proportion of water quality categories of state-controlled sections in cities in Sichuan region of the Yangtze River Basin
图 3 长江流域四川区域城市内水质指标不达标断面数
Figure 3. Number of substandard sections corresponding to each water pollution index in cities in Sichuan regionof the Yangtze River Basin
图 4 长江流域四川区域各典型城市COD、氨氮、TN和TP排放负荷
Figure 4. Discharge load of COD, NH3-N, TN and TP from typical cities in Sichuan region of the Yangtze River Basin
图 5 各典型城市COD、氨氮、TN和TP排放负荷占比
Figure 5. Discharge load proportion of COD, NH3-N, TN and TP from typical cities in Sichuan region of the Yangtze River Basin
图 6 长江流域四川区域各典型城市基础设施建设现状
Figure 6. Current situation of infrastructure construction in typical cities in Sichuan region of the Yangtze River Basin
图 7 长江流域四川区域各典型城市人均水资源量和生活用水量
Figure 7. Per capita water resource and domestic water consumption of typical cities in Sichuan region of the Yangtze River Basin
表 1 长江流域四川区域城市情况
Table 1. Overview of the cities in Sichuan region of the Yangtze River Basin
流域 地形 城市 长江干流
（四川段）山地/丘陵 攀枝花市、宜宾市、泸州市 支流岷沱江 平原 德阳市、成都市、眉山市 山地/丘陵 内江市、自贡市、乐山市、资阳市、雅安市 支流嘉陵江 山地/丘陵 绵阳市、广元市、南充市、广安市、
巴中市、遂宁市、达州市
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表 2 长江流域四川区域典型城市EMC与径流系数取值[4-6]
Table 2. Index value of EMC and runoff coefficient for typical cities in Sichuan region of the Yangtze River Basin
类别 平原城市EMC/(mg/L) 山地/丘陵城市EMC/(mg/L) 径流系数 COD 氨氮 TN TP COD 氨氮 TN TP 道路 44.000 1.800 3.700 0.200 32.01 0.366 1.086 0.194 0.80 居民区 110.596 1.418 3.948 0.364 15.51 0.272 0.807 0.056 0.65 商业区 58.000 2.900 3.900 0.170 58.00 2.900 3.900 0.170 0.75 工业区 49.800 0.300 1.400 0.050 49.80 0.300 1.400 0.050 0.70 绿地 71.650 0.800 3.430 0.250 65.58 0.665 2.360 0.349 0.20 公共建筑 72.800 0.500 2.600 0.300 72.80 0.500 2.600 0.300 0.60
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表 3 长江流域四川区域各流域城市污染物排放量
Table 3. Urban pollutant discharges from the river basins in Sichuan region of the Yangtze River Basin
t/a 流域 污染源 COD 氨氮 TN TP 长江干流
（四川段）工业源 12 053.4 470.8 2 379.4 65.6 城镇生活源 40 099.9 4 560.7 6 458.7 505.7 城市面源 9 607.1 144.3 389.4 28.9 支流岷沱江 工业源 16 456.8 835.9 2 863.5 320.4 城镇生活源 119 453.3 12 465.9 29 989.2 1 310.2 城市面源 32 901.0 540.3 1 367.8 110.4 支流嘉陵江 工业源 12 633.7 366.3 1 205.7 94.0 城镇生活源 91 418.2 10 554.9 17 099.1 1 117.9 城市面源 28 560.4 470.2 1 217.1 90.6 合计 363 183.8 30 409.3 62 969.9 3 643.7
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表 4 长江流域四川区域各城市污染负荷高的主要工业行业
Table 4. Major industries with high pollution load in cities in Sichuan region of the Yangtze River Basin
城市 污染负荷高的工业行业 攀枝花 化学原料及化学制品制造业、黑色金属矿采选业、电力、热力生产和供应业 宜宾 白酒制造业、有机化学原料制造、水泥制造、农副食品加工 泸州 白酒制造、水泥制品制造、化学原料和化学制品制造 德阳 “三磷”、化学原料和化学制品制造 成都 机制纸及纸板制造、白酒制造、牲畜屠宰 内江 化工、机械、饮料和精制茶制造 自贡 化学原料和化学制品制造、农副食品加工、电力热力生产和供应 乐山 “三磷”、钢铁、水泥 眉山 农副食品加工、食品制造（泡菜行业） 雅安 农副食品加工、电子设备制造 资阳 食品制造，农副食品加工，酒、饮料和精制茶制造 绵阳 “三磷”、化学原料和化学制品制造、医药制造、电子设备制造 广元 煤炭开采和洗选、水的生产和供应 南充 农副食品加工、水的生产和供应 广安 化学原料和化学制品制造、农副食品加工 巴中 酒、饮料和精制茶制造，农副食品加工 达州 酒、饮料和精制茶制造，农副食品加工，化学原料和化学制品制造 遂宁 农副食品加工、纺织
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