利用含重金属土壤制备烧结砖可行性及环境安全性研究

崔长颢; 杨柳阳; 王雪娇; 闫大海

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210613

利用含重金属土壤制备烧结砖可行性及环境安全性研究

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210613

崔长颢^{1, 2,},
杨柳阳³,
王雪娇¹,
闫大海^{1, 2, ,}

1.
中国环境科学研究院固体废物污染控制技术研究所
2.
国家环境保护危险废物鉴别与风险控制重点实验室, 中国环境科学研究院
3.
南京工业大学环境科学与工程学院

基金项目: 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务专项（2019YSKY-016）

详细信息

作者简介:
崔长颢(1994—)，男，工程师，硕士，主要从事固体废物环境管理研究工作，2627357570@qq.com

通讯作者:
闫大海(1979—)，男，研究员，博士，主要从事固体废物处理技术研究工作，seavsland@163.com

中图分类号: X705
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-10-26

Feasibility and environmental safety investigation of making fired bricks by using heavy metals-contained soil

CUI Changhao^{1, 2
,},
YANG Liuyang³,
WANG Xuejiao¹,
YAN Dahai^{1, 2
, ,}

1.
Research Institute of Solid Waste Management, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences
2.
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences
3.
School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University

摘要

摘要:
为探明利用含重金属土壤作为页岩替代原料制备烧结砖的可行性和环境安全性，选取某砖窑以70%的比例掺加该土壤替代页岩开展工业化试验，研究重金属在烟气中的排放情况及在成品砖中的浸出率和分配规律。结果显示：土壤中SiO₂、Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃浓度与页岩原料相似，可以用作页岩原料的替代；烧制的成品砖力学性能符合产品质量标准。在以含重金属土壤为原料的砖块烧结过程中，烟气中常规污染物和重金属污染物排放均满足相关标准，环境风险可控；烧结砖中可浸出重金属浓度显著低于GB 30760—2014《水泥窑协同处置固体废物技术规范》浸出限值，砖块在使用过程中的重金属浸出风险较低；As、Cd、Cr、Mn、Ni、Pb和Cu在烧结过程中基本赋存在成品砖里，经烟气挥发和湿法脱硫压滤后留存于脱硫滤饼中的重金属含量极低。研究表明，利用含重金属土壤制备烧结砖从产品力学性能及环境安全性上均能满足现有标准，具有一定的资源化利用效益。
- 重金属 /
- 污染土壤 /
- 烧结砖 /
- 环境安全性 /
- 浸出与分配
Abstract:
Soil heavy metal pollution in China is still relatively serious, and inappropriate disposal of heavy metal contaminated soil can lead to a serious damage to both the ecological environment and human health. However, soil normally contains a significant amount of SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃, which makes it applicable to prepare sintered bricks. In order to ascertain the feasibility and environmental safety of making sintered bricks by using heavy metal contained soil, an industrialization experiment was carried out in a brick kiln, with a blending ratio of 70% soil to replace shale, to investigate the heavy metal emission in flue gas, and the leaching and distribution properties in fired brick. The results revealed that soil had a similar content of SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃ compared to shale, and therefore, it could be used as a substitute for shale raw materials. The mechanical properties of the fired bricks met the product quality standards. During the sintering process with heavy metal soil as raw material, the emission of conventional flue gas pollutants and heavy metal pollutants met the relevant standards, and the environmental risk was controllable. The concentration of leachable heavy metals in sintered bricks was significantly lower than the leaching limit of Technical Specification for Cooperative Disposal of Solid Waste in Cement Kilns （GB 30760-2014 ）, and therefore, the leaching risk was low during using bricks. As, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb and Cu basically stayed in fired bricks under sintering, and the contents of heavy metals remained in the desulfurization filter cake after flue gas volatilization and wet desulfurization filter pressing were extremely low. The research showed that using heavy metal-contained soil to make sintered brick could meet the existing standards from both mechanical and environmental safety aspects and had certain resource benefits.
- heavy metal /
- contaminated soil /
- fired brick /
- environmental safety /
- leaching and distribution

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图 1 砖窑烧结工艺流程

Figure 1. Manufacturing process of fired bricks tunnel kiln

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表 1 试验用页岩和土壤的化学组成

Table 1. Chemical composition of shale and soil for test %　

试验原料	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	CaO	Na₂O	K₂O	MgO
页岩	68.4	18.9	4.6	2.5	0.1	2.6	1.8
土壤	62.6	19.4	6.7	4.0	0.2	2.4	1.5

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表 2 试验用页岩和土壤中重金属浓度

Table 2. Heavy metal concentrations of shale and soil for test mg/kg　

试验原料	As	Cd	Cr	Mn	Ni	Pb	Cu
页岩	35.6	5.0	122.3	599.0	41.1	82.8	48.2
土壤	5.2	1.5	400.0	617.2	69.0	55.7	26.4

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表 3 2种工况下烟气中常规污染物浓度

Table 3. Concentrations of general pollutants in flue gas under two conditions mg/m³　

污染物	空白工况	掺烧工况	GB 29620—2013 排放限值
颗粒物	3.5	3.6	30
SO₂	2.6	10.5	150
NO_x	18.3	9.1	200
氟化物	0.67	0.31	3

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表 4 2种工况下烟气中重金属浓度

Table 4. Concentrations of heavy metals in flue gas under two conditions mg/m³　

重金属	空白工况	掺烧工况	标准排放限值
重金属	空白工况	掺烧工况	GB 16297—1996	GB 18484—2020
As	0.037	0.028		0.500
Cd	0.115	0.093	0.850	0.050
Cr	0.409	0.453		0.500
Mn	0.987	1.075
Ni	0.306	0.289	4.300
Pb	0.080	0.094	0.700	0.500
Cu	0.117	0.122

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表 5 成品砖中可浸出重金属浓度及控制限值

Table 5. Concentrations and control limits of leachable heavy metals in fired bricks μg/L　

项目	As	Cd	Cr	Mn	Ni	Pb	Cu
空白工况	28.6	0.1	6.5	213.7	7.9	6.0	12.3
掺烧工况	19.8	0.02	5.6	180.8	6.7	3.9	12.6
GB 30760—2014 浸出限值	100	30	200	1 000	200	300	1 000

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表 6 掺烧工况下成品砖力学性能

Table 6. Mechanical properties of fired bricks under blending condition

项目		掺烧工况	GB/T 5101—2017 标准值
尺寸允许偏差/mm	长度平均偏差	−1.5	$ \pm 2.0 $
	长度极差	2.5	$ \leqslant 6.0 $
	宽度平均偏差	−1.5	$ \pm 1.5 $
	宽度极差	1.0	$ \leqslant 5.0 $
	高度平均偏差	−0.8	$ \pm 1.5 $
	高度极差	2.0	$ \leqslant 4.0 $
外观质量/mm	两条面高度差	1.5	$ \leqslant 2 $
	弯曲	1.3	$ \leqslant 2 $
	杂质凸出高度	1.9	$ \leqslant 2 $
	缺棱掉角的3个破环尺寸	0	$ > 5 $
	大面上宽度方向及其延伸至条面的长度	26.3	$ \leqslant 30 $
	长度方向及其延伸至顶面的长度或条顶面上水平裂纹的长度	28.9	$ \leqslant 50 $
抗压强度/MPa	抗压强度平均值	20.67	$ \geqslant 20.0 $
抗压强度/MPa	强度标准值	16.0	$ \geqslant 14.0 $
放射性核素限量/(Bq/kg)	内照射指数	0.3	$ \leqslant 1.0 $
放射性核素限量/(Bq/kg)	外照射指数	0.6	$ \leqslant 1.0 $

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表 7 掺烧工况下重金属在烧结砖隧道窑中的分配率

Table 7. Distribution of heavy metals during co-processing in sintered brick tunnel kiln %　

项目	As	Cd	Cr	Mn	Ni	Pb	Cu
烟气	0.391	0.130	0.065	0.013	0.028	0.048	0.068
脱硫滤饼	0.003	0.001	0.004	0.001	0.003	0.002	0.009
成品砖	99.606	99.869	99.931	99.986	99.969	99.950	99.923

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表 8 2种工况下重金属在砖窑中的浸出率

Table 8. Leaching rate of heavy metals in brick tunnel kiln under two conditions %　

工况	As	Cd	Cr	Mn	Ni	Pb	Cu
空白工况	59.0	1.5	2.0	8.1	4.5	2.5	5.8
掺烧工况	40.0	0.3	1.6	4.9	3.5	1.4	5.4

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