嘉兴市大气PM<sub>2.5</sub>中金属元素污染特征、生态风险评价及来源分析

熊传芳; 张征宇; 万梅; 唐倩; 张颖龙; 杨晓霞

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210487

嘉兴市大气PM_2.5中金属元素污染特征、生态风险评价及来源分析

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210487

熊传芳^{1, 2,},
张征宇³,
万梅³,
唐倩⁴,
张颖龙⁵,
杨晓霞^2, ,

1.
嘉兴市生态环境应急监控与事故调查中心
2.
嘉兴市生态环境局
3.
浙江清华长三角研究院
4.
浙江省生态环境监测中心
5.
浙江省嘉兴生态环境监测中心

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC0213804)

详细信息

作者简介:
熊传芳(1992—)，女，硕士，主要从事大气污染防治研究，1004892001@qq.com

通讯作者:
杨晓霞(1968—)，女，高级工程师，主要从事大气污染防治研究，561343595@qq.com

中图分类号: X513
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-09-07

Pollution characteristics, ecological risk assessment and source apportionment of mental elements in PM_2.5 in Jiaxing City

1.
Jiaxing Eco-Environmental Emergency Monitoring and Accident Investigation Center
2.
Jiaxing Ecology and Environment Bureau
3.
Yangtze Delta Region Research Institute of Tsinghua University
4.
Zhejiang Eco-Environmental Monitoring Center
5.
Jiaxing Eco-Environmental Monitoring Center of Zhejiang Province

摘要

摘要:
为研究嘉兴市大气PM_2.5中金属元素的污染特征、生态风险和污染来源，使用嘉兴市善西超级站的24 h在线监测数据，对2019年3月1日—2020年2月29日嘉兴市大气PM_2.5和其中12种金属元素（K、Ca、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cd、Pb、Cr、Ni、Ba、Cu、V）进行分析。结果表明：观测期间嘉兴市PM_2.5平均浓度为30.94 μg/m³，优于GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准（35 μg/m³），PM_2.5浓度季节分布为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季。金属元素总浓度为1.36 μg/m³，从高到低分别为K>Fe>Zn>Ca>Mn>Pb>Ba>Cu>Cr>Ni>Cd>V，其中Fe、Zn浓度的变化受到新型冠状病毒感染疫情暴发和春节的影响。随着大气污染程度的加重，PM_2.5中金属元素总浓度和各金属元素浓度都呈上升趋势，但大多数金属元素在PM_2.5中的占比呈下降趋势。富集因子法表明，K、Ca、Fe、Ba、V不存在富集，Zn、Cd存在极重富集。地累积指数结果显示，Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd受到人为源的影响较大。由金属元素的生态风险指数可知，Mn、Cr、Ni存在轻微潜在生态风险，Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd的生态风险较大。通过主成分分析得出，嘉兴市PM_2.5中金属元素主要来自工业源、燃煤源、交通源和自然源。
- PM_2.5 /
- 金属元素 /
- 富集因子 /
- 地累积指数 /
- 生态风险
Abstract:
In order to study the pollution characteristics, ecological risks and pollution sources of metal elements in PM_2.5 in Jiaxing, the 24-hour online monitoring data of Shanxi (SX) site in Jiaxing City from March 1, 2019 to February 29, 2020 were collected to investigate PM_2.5 and 12 metal elements (K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Ba, Cu and V) in PM_2.5 samples. The results indicated that the average concentration of PM_2.5 was 30.94 μg/m³ during the sampling period, which was better than the secondary concentration standard of Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB 3095-2012) (PM_2.5, 35 μg/m³). PM_2.5 concentrations in the samples were in the following order: winter > spring > autumn > summer. Meanwhile, the concentrations of metal elements were ranked as follows: K > Fe > Zn > Ca > Mn > Pb > Ba > Cu > Cr > Ni > Cd > V (the total concentration being 1.36 μg/m³), in which concentrations of Fe and Zn were affected by the COVID-19 outbreak and the Spring Festival. It was found that both the total metal concentration and each metal element concentration in PM_2.5 increased with the pollution increasing, while the proportion of most metal elements in PM_2.5 decreased. The enrichment factor (EF) method results indicated that K, Ca, Fe, Ba and V were considered almost with no elements enrichment, while Zn and Cd showed extremely heavy enrichment. The geoaccumulation index (I_geo) results implied that Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd were strongly influenced by anthropogenic activities. In addition, the ecological risk index (E_i) results of mental elements indicated that Mn, Cr and Ni showed slight ecological risk, and Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd showed high ecological risk. In addition, the principal component analysis indicated that industrial processes, coal combustion, vehicle traffic and crustal sources were the main sources of these metal elements in PM_2.5 in Jiaxing City.
- PM_2.5 /
- mental elements /
- enrichment factor /
- geoaccumulation index /
- ecological risk

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图 1 嘉兴市不同季节PM_2.5浓度变化

Figure 1. Seasonal distribution characteristics of PM_2.5in Jiaxing

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图 2 嘉兴市PM_2.5中金属元素浓度的季节变化

Figure 2. Seasonal distribution characteristics of the concentration of the metal elements in PM_2.5in Jiaxing

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图 3 不同污染情况下各金属元素的平均浓度

Figure 3. Average concentration of various metal elements under different pollution conditions

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图 4 不同污染情况下各金属元素在PM_2.5中的占比

Figure 4. Proportion of various metal elements in PM_2.5 under different pollution conditions

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图 5 I_geo的季节变化

Figure 5. Seasonal distribution characteristics of geoaccumulation index

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表 1 元素富集程度分级

Table 1. Elements enrichment and pollution classification

EF	污染级别	富集程度
<1	0	无
1~2	1	轻度
2~5	2	中度
5~20	3	重度
20~40	4	严重
≥40	5	极重

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表 2 地累积指数分级

Table 2. Contamination degree corresponding to geoaccumulation index

I_geo	污染程度
≤0	无
0~1	轻度
1~2	偏中度
2~3	中度
3~4	偏重
4~5	重
>5	严重

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表 3 潜在生态风险评价分级

Table 3. Classification criteria for potential ecological risk index

E_i	生态风险等级
<40	轻微
40~80	中
80~160	较强
160~320	强
≥320	极强

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表 4 各城市不同季节PM_2.5浓度

Table 4. Seasonal distribution characteristics of PM_2.5 in different cities μg/m³　

季节	嘉兴市	北京市	天津市	杭州市	上海市	苏州市	广州市	成都市
春季	35.72	45.67	48.00	38.67	41.33	44.33	24.67	39.00
夏季	22.48	33.00	36.33	24.67	26.33	23.33	19.33	24.33
秋季	29.16	40.00	47.33	34.67	26.33	32.67	37.00	36.00
冬季	36.48	55.00	74.33	40.67	45.67	50.33	31.67	66.33
年均值	30.94	43.42	51.50	34.67	34.92	37.67	28.17	41.42
注：除嘉兴市外，其他城市数据来自中国空气质量在线监测分析平台（https://www.aqistudy.cn/historydata/）。

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表 5 各城市PM_2.5中金属元素的平均浓度

Table 5. Average concentration of the metal elements in PM_2.5 in different cities

城市	时间	PM_2.5浓度/ (μg/m³)	PM_2.5中金属元素浓度/(ng/m³)												金属元素占比/%
城市	时间	PM_2.5浓度/ (μg/m³)	K	Ca	Fe	Zn	Mn	Cd	Pb	Cr	Ni	Ba	Cu	V	金属元素占比/%
嘉兴市	2019年3月—2020年2月	30.94	499.93	154.49	373.09	216.58	36.21	3.93	27.57	5.57	4.2	26.44	11.75	2.84	4.4
长沙市^[3]	2014年8月	45				132.2	8	0.7	21.1	6	2.8		8.6	8
北京市^[26]	2006年11月	131.6			897	239	46		137				42
温州市^[16]	2015年	83.6	1 730	800	910	510	52.8	4.96	63	37.7	12.1		31.4	5.13	5
济南市^[22]	2016年10月—2017年9月	77.1		996.1	655.1	116.4	29.1	1.9	64.1	5.2	0.9	20.3	16.8
保定市^[23]	2017年冬季	175.93				269.55	19.43	1.8	109.62	3.66	1.49		25.38	5.77
保定市^[23]	2017年夏季	48.05				101.69	11.18	0.73	29.59	6.17	1.47		23.01	2.73
武汉市^[27]	2012—2013年	106.5	1 530	4 300	1 680	290.78	97.28	4.27	158.4	7.91	4.8		25.27		7.6
南昌市^[28]	2013年9月	45.72	734	1 209	571	279	43	5	106	20	150	325	19	9	7.6
东莞市^[29]	2019年1月—2020年2月	35.8	502.8	130.8	290.1	109.8	19	0.7	17.9	4.6	1.9	3.8	11.7	2.2	3.1
广州市^[29]	2019年1月—2020年2月	40.3	555	216	276	161	20	1.1	37	9	5.8	9	32	9	3.3

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表 6 嘉兴市PM_2.5中金属元素的富集因子

Table 6. Enrichment factor of the mental elements in PM_2.5in Jiaxing

金属元素	各季节EF				平均EF	富集程度
金属元素	春季	夏季	秋季	冬季	平均EF	富集程度
K	0.30	0.23	0.31	0.49	0.34	无
Ca	0.18	0.16	0.18	0.12	0.16	无
Fe	0.19	0.17	0.22	0.19	0.20	无
Zn	34.12	41.57	45.64	43.13	40.90	极重
Mn	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Cd	432.72	590.27	395.53	468.21	458.95	极重
Pb	15.66	13.70	14.98	22.68	16.86	重度
Cr	1.08	1.06	1.35	1.49	1.25	轻度
Ni	2.18	2.62	1.78	1.90	2.07	中度
Ba	0.74	0.70	0.76	0.90	0.78	无
Cu	9.15	9.56	8.33	10.94	9.43	重度
V	0.67	1.03	0.35	0.08	0.50	无
注：Mn为参比元素。

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表 7 嘉兴市PM_2.5中金属元素的生态风险指数

Table 7. Ecological risk index of the mental elements in PM_2.5in Jiaxing

金属元素	嘉兴市						北京市^[18]		东莞市^[34]
金属元素	春季E_i	夏季E_i	秋季E_i	冬季E_i	平均E_i	生态风险等级	城区E_i	生态风险等级	冬季E_i	生态风险等级
Zn	88.62	100.85	136.96	91.10	102.95	较强	32.07	轻微
Mn	5.20	4.85	6.00	4.22	5.03	轻微	1.13	轻微
Cd	33 721.84	42 960.23	35 611.50	29 668.22	34 654.78	极强	7 976.54	极强	40 684	极强
Pb	203.42	166.17	224.77	239.57	212.18	强	216.92	强	273	很强
Cr	5.59	5.16	8.12	6.30	6.31	轻微	5.00	轻微	5	轻微
Ni	28.28	31.78	26.66	20.05	26.10	轻微	28.69	轻微	10	轻微
Cu	118.80	115.98	125.06	115.50	118.73	较强	89.47	较强

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表 8 嘉兴市PM_2.5中金属元素的主成分分析矩阵

Table 8. Principal component analysis of the mental elements in PM_2.5 in Jiaxing

项目	主成分1	主成分2	主成分3
K	0.70	−0.55	0.19
Ca	0.66	−0.16	0.41
Fe	0.90	−0.03	0.09
Zn	0.52	0.38	−0.33
Mn	0.88	0.25	−0.11
Cd	0.35	0.12	−0.31
Pb	0.82	−0.12	−0.25
Cr	0.75	0.15	−0.35
Ni	0.61	0.64	0.24
Ba	0.69	−0.46	0.42
Cu	0.84	−0.01	−0.07
V	−0.04	0.75	0.56
特征值	5.69	1.77	1.17
方差贡献率/%	47.39	14.77	9.76
累计方差贡献率/%	47.39	62.16	71.92

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