Research on the implementation effect of Environmental Impact Assessment law in nuclear safety supervision
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摘要:
《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》（简称环评法）是核设施安全监管的重要依据，在核安全监管中发挥着重要作用。通过梳理环评法中具体条款内容，结合核设施安全监管中的环评相关要求，总结在核设施安全监管中环评的审评程序和监督要求，采用分析和描述性统计相结合的方法，从环评相关的核安全法规标准建设、环评法监管下的核设施排放量变化趋势以及落实“放管服”优化环评程序3个方面开展环评法在核设施监管工作中的实施成效研究。结果表明，在环评法指导下，核设施安全监管法规标准体系不断完善，核设施的流出物及固体废物的排放量和产生量持续优化，监管重点更加明确，环评质量不断提高。同时，从检查抽查的机制、后评价的落实以及环评具体监管内容等角度，提出了环评法在核设施监管中的不足及相关建议。
Abstract:Environmental Impact Assessment Law of the People's Republic of China (EIA Law for short) is an important basis for the safety supervision of nuclear facilities and plays an important role in nuclear safety supervision. By sorting out the specific clauses in the EIA Law, combined with the relevant requirements of EIA in the safety supervision of nuclear facilities, summarizing the review procedures and supervision requirements of EIA in the safety supervision of nuclear facilities, and using the research method combining analysis and descriptive statistics, the research on the effectiveness of the implementation of EIA Law in the supervision of nuclear facilities was carried out. The research was from three aspects, i.e. the construction of nuclear safety regulations and standards related to EIA Law, the changing trend of nuclear facility emissions under the supervision of EIA Law, and the implementation of "decentralization, regulation and service" to optimize EIA procedures. The results showed that, under the guidance of EIA Law, the nuclear facility safety regulation and the standard system had been continuously improved, the effluent and solid waste discharges and productions of nuclear facilities had been continuously optimized, the focus of supervision had become clearer, and the quality of EIA had been continuously improved. At the same time, from the perspectives of the inspection and random inspection mechanism, the implementation of post-evaluation and the specific supervision contents of EIA, the shortcomings of EIA Law in the supervision of nuclear facilities were put forward, with relevant suggestions given.
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Key words:
- EIA Law /
- nuclear facility /
- effluent /
- nuclear safety supervision /
- effectiveness
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图 2 我国核设施环评审批和监管流程
Figure 2. Flow chart of environmental impact assessment approval and supervision of nuclear facilities
图 3 环境影响评及相关技术导则体系构成框架
Figure 3. Framework diagram of environmental impact assessment and related technical guidelines system
图 4 GNP机组液态流出物中的14C排放监测结果
Figure 4. Monitoring results of 14C in liquid effluent of GNP units
表 1 核安全环评导则发布情况
Table 1. Release of guidelines for environmental assessment of nuclear safety
序号 标准名称 发布年份 1 HJ 1213—2021《滨海核电厂温排水卫星遥感监测技术规范（试行）》 2021 2 HJ 1188—2021《核医学辐射防护与安全要求》 2021 3 HJ 1157—2021《环境γ辐射剂量率测量技术规范》 2021 4 HJ 1148—2020《伴生放射性矿开发利用项目竣工辐射环境保护验收监测报告的格式与内容》 2020 5 HJ 1128—2020《核动力厂核事故环境应急监测技术规范》 2020 6 HJ 1015.1—2019《环境影响评价技术导则铀矿冶》 2019 7 HJ 1015.2—2019《环境影响评价技术导则铀矿冶退役》 2019 8 HJ 969—2018《核动力厂运行前辐射环境本底调查技术规范》 2018 10 HJ 808—2016《环境影响评价技术导则 核电厂环境影响报告书的格式和内容》 2016 
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表 2 大亚湾GNP机组年度实际排放量与排放限值比较
Table 2. Comparison of annual actual emissions and limits of GNPS units in Daya Bay
Bq 项目 液态除3H、14C核素 液态3H 液态14C 惰性气体 卤素 气溶胶 气态3H 气态14C GB 6249—2011年排放量控制值 2.00×1011 3.00×1014 6.00×1011 2.40×1015 8.00×1010 2.00×1011 6.00×1013 2.80×1012 批复排放限值 1.30×1011 2.25×1014 3.00×1011 7.00×1014 2.50×1010 3.80×109 2.40×1013 2.20×1012 实际排放量 2013年 1.83×108 3.91×1013 2.94×1010 9.29×1011 8.35×106 3.41×106 2.11×1012 3.50×1011 2014年 1.73×108 2.91×1013 2.24×1010 9.29×1011 8.35×106 3.41×106 2.11×1012 3.50×1011 2015年 2.69×108 3.33×1013 1.28×1010 9.02×1011 9.16×106 3.25×106 2.08×1012 3.67×1011 2016年 1.94×108 4.43×1013 2.02×1010 1.09×1012 8.70×106 3.80×106 2.08×1012 4.85×1011 2017年 1.21×108 4.09×1013 1.41×1010 1.07×1012 6.55×106 3.22×106 1.84×1012 4.06×1011 2018年 1.61×108 2.92×1013 1.35×1010 1.13×1012 6.19×106 2.98×106 1.86×1012 4.74×1011
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表 3 历次名录版本中关于核设施要求的变化情况
Table 3. Changes in requirements for nuclear facilities in previous revisions to the directory
环评类别/项目类别 出版年份 报告书 报告表 登记表 核动力厂，反应堆，铀矿开采、冶炼，核燃料生产、加工、贮存、后处理，高能加速器，放射性废物贮存、处理或处置，上述项目的退役 2003 全部 2008/
2015新建、扩建 改建（不增加源项），其他 不带放射性的实验室、试验装置 2017/
2018新建、扩建 主生产工艺或安全重要构筑物的重大变更，但源项不显著增加 核设施控制区范围内不带放射性的实验室、试验装置、维修车间、仓库、办公设施等 2020 新建、扩建（独立的放射性废物贮存
设施除外）主生产工艺或安全重要构筑物的重大变更，但源项不显著增加；次临界装置的新建、扩建；独立的放射性废物贮存设施 核设施控制区范围内新增的不带放射性的实验室、试验装置、维修车间、仓库、办公设施等
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