Design and application of on-site law enforcement and supervision information system for air pollutants emission from stationary sources based on IoT
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摘要:
固定源大气环境执法工作亟需依托智能执法系统实现对企业违法排污行为精准定位以及污染物排放浓度快速监测取证。针对现行大气环境执法系统重管理、轻取证的普遍功能缺陷，采用物联网理念，有机组合筛选多尺度大气监测技术，依托多元数据传输与融合技术，实现机载、车载、便携式监测设备数据与执法系统的实时通信，通过系统数据库与内嵌分析计算模型，解决大气排放异常区域识别、现场大气污染物浓度快速监测执法取证、暗查式执法取证、执法流程引导、违法识别与超标判定、远程执法指挥等信息化智能执法功能，形成新一代软硬件结合的固定源大气污染物排放现场执法监管系统。该执法系统在钢铁、重金属等行业进行了大气环境执法示范，通过监测传感器物联采样，现场发现了企业排污口超标、厂界大气浓度超标、排气口批建一致性违规等问题，提出处罚意见并备案，显著提高了环境执法工作的执法效率与精准度。
Abstract:It is urgent for the law enforcement of the air pollutants emissions from stationary sources to rely on an intelligent law enforcement system to accurately locate the illegal emission behavior of enterprises, and quickly monitor and obtain the pollutant emission concentrations as the evidence. Aiming at the common functional defects of the current air environment law enforcement system, known as "paying more attention to the management than the evidence", a new-generation intelligent law enforcement and supervision system with integrated hardware and software was put forward. The concept of IoT was adopted in the new system, combined with multi-scale air monitoring technologies. The ability of real-time data transmission between airborne, on-board, portable monitoring equipment and the law enforcement system was achieved, which relied on multiple data transmission and integration technology. Through a database with embedded analysis and calculation models, intelligent law enforcement functions were realized, such as identification of areas with air pollutants emission anomalies, rapid monitoring and evidence collection of on-site air pollutant concentrations, covert inspection and evidence collection, law enforcement process guidance, recognition of law and standard violations, remote command of the law enforcement, etc. Air environment law enforcement demonstration was carried out in iron and steel, heavy metals and other industries. Through IoT monitoring sensor sampling, multiple on-site violations were discovered, such as the exceeding of emission standards from outlets, excessive air pollutant concentrations at the factory boundary, and the inconsistency of approval and construction of exhaust outlets. Penalty opinions were put forward and filed for the record provided. This process significantly improved the efficiency and accuracy of environmental law enforcement.
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图 1 固定源大气污染物排放现场执法监管信息系统总体框架
Figure 1. Framework of on-site law enforcement and supervision information system for emission of stationary source air pollutants
图 2 固定源大气污染物排放现场执法监管信息系统业务流
Figure 2. Work flow of on-site law enforcement and supervision information system for emission of stationary source air pollutants
图 3 基于物联网的固定源大气污染物排放现场执法监管信息系统数据传输方式
Figure 3. Data transmission method of on-site law enforcement system for emission of stationary source air pollutants based on IoT
图 5 天津市某铅蓄电池企业环境执法情况
Figure 5. Law enforcement of a lead battery factory in Tianjin City
表 1 固定源大气污染物排放现场执法监管信息系统监测设备选型
Table 1. Selection of monitoring equipment of on-site law enforcement and supervision information system for emission of stationary source air pollutants
搭载类型 监测设备/传感器 监测对象 执法目标 机载 机载可见光拍摄仪 航拍厂区建筑设备（基于排污许可证的批建一致性监测）、排气筒烟气拖尾情况 厂区航拍 机载机红外热像仪 夜间航拍查企业环保设施运行情况、排气口温度 厂区夜间航拍（暗查） 机载紫外高光谱仪 走航监测SO2、NOx浓度分布 异常区识别 机载气体检测仪 监测分析CO等气体浓度分布 厂区排气异常识别 机载湿度检测仪 监测分析排气筒周边水汽 排气筒异常识别 车载 车载激光雷达扫描仪 扫描分析区域气溶胶分布情况 异常区域识别 车载DOAS遥测系统 走航监测厂界SO2、NO柱浓度，反演排气筒柱浓度 厂区排气异常识别 车载空气质量传感器 监测PM10、PM2.5、CO、SO2、NO2、O3等污染物浓度 环境监测 车载气象量传感器 监测风速、风向、温度、压力、湿度等 环境监测 低浓度多组分紫外分析仪 监测SO2、NO2、苯、甲苯等多组分气体浓度 厂界及无组织排放监测 手持便携 便携式烟气分析仪 监测SO2、NOx等排气筒主要污染物浓度 排气筒监测 便携式无组织颗粒物检测仪 监测无组织颗粒物浓度 厂界监测 便携式有组织颗粒物检测仪 监测有组织颗粒物浓度 排气筒监测 便携式烟气汞检测仪 监测汞浓度 排气筒监测 便携式烟气铅检测仪 监测铅浓度 排气筒监测 便携式非甲烷总烃检测仪 监测非甲烷总烃浓度 排气筒监测 便携式VOCs检测仪 监测无组织VOCs浓度 厂界监测/工艺环节泄漏监测 便携式红外夜视仪 夜间拍摄企业环保设施运行情况、排气口温度 厂区夜间设备运行、排气异常识别 
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表 2 清单式执法主要执法内容
Table 2. Main contents of checklist-type law enforcement form
执法检查类型 执法检查内容 排污许可证执行情况 排污单位排污许可证申报情况、排污口情况、年度报告和季度报告报送情况、执行报告规范性、自行监测开展情况、治理设施运行台账检查结果等 排气筒与采样平台设置情况 排气筒规范化情况、采样平台规范化情况等 大气污染防治设施建设运行情况 有组织污染防治设施建设运行情况、无组织污染防治设施建设运行情况、清洁运输设施建设运行情况等 自动在线监测情况 污染源自动在线监测设施建设规范化情况、自动监测设施运行情况等
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