不同粒径大气颗粒物中金属元素分布与风险评估研究进展

支敏康; 张凯; 吕文丽

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210324

不同粒径大气颗粒物中金属元素分布与风险评估研究进展

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210324

环境基准与风险评估国家重点实验室, 中国环境科学研究院

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（42075182）；国家重点研发计划项目（2017YFC0213003）；大气重污染成因与治理攻关项目(DQGG0304-05)

详细信息

作者简介:
支敏康(1997—)，男，硕士研究生，主要从事大气环境和金属元素风险评估研究，1289184929@qq.com

通讯作者:
张凯(1977—)，女，研究员，博士，主要从事大气环境和大气化学研究，zhangkai@craes.org.cn

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-07-14

A review of research advances in the distributions and risk assessments of metal elements in atmospheric particles with different particle sizes

State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences

摘要

摘要:
金属元素(MEs)是大气颗粒物的重要组成部分。综述了不同粒径大气颗粒物中MEs的分布、生态风险和人体健康风险评估的研究现状。在颗粒物中MEs主要呈现3种粒径分布：细模态单峰型、粗模态单峰型和双峰型，对应于不同的污染源。富集因子法、地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法是MEs生态风险评价最常用的3种方法，大部分MEs在细模态的富集程度远高于粗模态，我国城市大气颗粒物均呈现非常高的综合潜在生态风险(风险指数>1 000)。Cd、Pb、As是目前主要的污染元素，应重点关注。不同粒径段的颗粒物会沉积在呼吸系统不同部位。健康风险评估结果显示，我国大部分城市地区均存在重金属元素对人体的致癌风险和非致癌风险，会对人体产生致癌风险的MEs有Cr、As和Cd，Mn可能引起非致癌风险。因此，将不同粒径段颗粒物中MEs的分布特征和风险评估结合起来是未来该领域的重点研究方向。
- 金属元素 /
- 大气颗粒物 /
- 粒径分布 /
- 生态风险评价 /
- 人体健康风险评估
Abstract:
Metal elements (MEs) are important compositions of atmospheric particles. The research progress of distributions and ecological and human health risk assessments of MEs in atmospheric particles with different particle sizes were reviewed. In atmospheric particles, MEs mainly presented three particle size distributions: unimodal distribution with the peak in fine or coarse mode particles, and bimodal distribution, corresponding to different pollution sources. Moreover, enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index and potential ecological risk index were the common three methods for ecological risk assessment of MEs. The degrees of enrichment of fine mode particles were significantly higher than that of coarse mode particles for most MEs. Atmospheric particles in Chinese cities all showed a very high comprehensive potential ecological risks (Risk Index > 1 000). Cd, Pb, As were the main polluting elements at present, which should be paid special attention to. In addition, particles of different sizes would be deposited in different parts of the respiratory system. The health risk assessments showed that heavy metals had carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks to the human body in most Chinese cities. Cr, As and Cd showed carcinogenic risks to human health, and Mn may cause non-cancer risks. Thus, combining the distribution characteristics of MEs in particles with different particle sizes with their risk assessment was the key research direction in this field in the future.
- metal elements /
- atmospheric particles /
- size distribution /
- ecological risk assessment /
- human health risk assessment

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图 1 中国不同城市大气颗粒物中MEs潜在生态风险等级

注：数据来源同表1。

Figure 1. Potential ecological risk grade of MEs in atmospheric particles of different Chinese cities

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 中国不同城市大气颗粒物中MEs污染程度

Table 1. MEs pollution levels of atmospheric particles in different cities in China

城市	采样时间	颗粒物	污染元素	污染等级	数据来源
北京	2016年3月—2017年1月	PM_2.5	Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb、Ag、Mo	中度及以上	文献[26,38]
天津	2011年11—12月	PM_2.5	Cu、Zn、Hg、Cd、Pb	中度及以上	文献[39]
邯郸	2017年1月	PM_2.5	Cu、As、Cd	重度到极重度	文献[40]
太原	2012年2月	PM_2.5	Cu、Zn、Hg、Cd、Pb、Ni	中度及以上	文献[41]
济南	2016年10月—2017年10月	PM_2.5	Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb	重度及以上	文献[42]
合肥	2016年5—6月	扬尘	Cu、Zn、Sb、Ga、As、Pb	偏重度到极重度	文献[43]
黄石	2015年1—12月	PM_2.5和 PM₁₀	Cu、Cd、As、Pb	重度及以上	文献[44]
株洲	2011年12月—2012年1月、2012年8月	PM_2.5和 PM₁₀	Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb	重度及以上	文献[45]
广州	2016年	PM_2.5	Cd、As、Sb	偏重度	文献[46]
东莞			Cd、As、Sb	中度到重度
佛山			Pb、Cd、As、Sb	偏重度到重度
珠海			Cd	偏重度
肇庆			Cd、Sb	偏重度
惠州			Cd	中度

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表 2 健康风险评估模型参数及取值

Table 2. Parameters and values of health risk assessment models

项目	参数	定义	单位	数值
项目	参数	定义	单位	成人	儿童
暴露参数	EF	暴露频率	d/a	350	350
	ED	暴露年限	a	24	6
	AT	平均暴露时间	d	365×ED（非致癌作用）、 365×70（致癌作用）	365×ED（非致癌作用）、 365×70（致癌作用）
	BW	平均体重	kg	60	15
	CF	单位转换系数	kg/mg	10⁻⁶	10⁻⁶
手-口摄入	IngR	摄入降尘速率	mg/d	100	200
呼吸吸入	InhR	呼吸速率	m³/d	15.2
呼吸吸入	PEF	颗粒物排放因子	m³/kg	1.36×10⁹	1.36×10⁹
皮肤接触	SA	皮肤暴露面积	cm²	5700	2800
	SL	皮肤黏着度	mg/(cm²·d)	0.2	0.2
	ABS	皮肤吸收因子		0.001	0.001

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