西北干旱区流域水污染特征与控制策略

马玉珅; 朱翔; 彭福全; 庞晴晴; 倪利晓; 杜鹏

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210323

西北干旱区流域水污染特征与控制策略—以宁夏清水河流域为例

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210323

马玉珅^{1, 2,},
朱翔¹,
彭福全¹,
庞晴晴¹,
倪利晓²,
杜鹏^3, ,

1.
生态环境部南京环境科学研究所
2.
河海大学环境学院
3.
宁夏回族自治区生态环境厅

基金项目: 生态环境部南京环境科学研究所创新团队项目（GYZX200101）；国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项（2018ZX07208-006-004）；宁夏回族自治区重点研发项目（2019BFG02028）；国家自然科学基金面上项目(51778265)

详细信息

作者简介:
马玉珅(1997—)，男，硕士研究生，研究方向为水体污染控制与生态修复，201605010017@hhu.edu.cn

通讯作者:
杜鹏（1979—），男，研究员，博士，主要研究方向为流域水污染控制与生态保护管理，pengkong829@126.com

中图分类号: X522
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-07-13

Water pollution characteristics and control strategies in arid areas of Northwest China: a case study of Qingshui River Basin in Ningxia

MA Yushen^{1, 2
,},
ZHU Xiang¹,
PENG Fuquan¹,
PANG Qingqing¹,
NI Lixiao²,
DU Peng^{3
, ,}

1.
Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Minstry of Ecology and Environment
2.
College of Environment, Hohai University
3.
Department of Ecology and Environment of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

摘要

摘要:
以宁夏境内黄河最大的一级支流清水河流域为例，分析重点断面水质、水环境容量及各控制单元污染负荷特征，并提出有针对性的污染控制策略。结果表明：2015—2018年清水河三营国控断面水质无法稳定达到GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅳ类水质标准，泉眼山断面化学需氧量（COD）存在超Ⅳ类水质标准风险。流域水环境容量COD为592.83~1 238.25 t/a，氨氮为51.99~193.60 t/a，总磷（TP）为5.02~12.85 t/a；流域平水期污染负荷入河量COD为15 661.1 t/a，氨氮为1 670.2 t/a，TP为784.5 t/a，分别是平水期水环境容量（COD为940.57 t/a，氨氮为114.64 t/a，TP为8.81 t/a）的16、14和89倍。固原控制单元单位面积污染负荷入河量最高（COD为3.04 t/a，氨氮为0.22 t/a，TP为0.06 t/a），工业源与城镇生活源污染问题突出，中卫控制单元总污染负荷入河量最高（COD为 6 738.45 t/a，氨氮为868.88 t/a，TP为218.12 t/a），城镇生活源污染较严重，而吴忠控制单元禽畜养殖污染较严重。基于水质目标和各单元的污染特征，建议固原控制单元加强工业企业污水回收利用、提高城镇污水处理能力，中卫控制单元重点关注污水收集处理设施建设与改造升级，吴忠控制单元在规模化养殖场推行禽畜粪污集中处理与回用。
- 黄河上游 /
- 污染负荷 /
- 水环境容量 /
- 流域污染治理 /
- 清水河流域
Abstract:
Taking Qingshui River Basin, the largest first-level tributary of the Yellow River in Ningxia, as an example, the water quality, water environmental capacity and the characteristics of pollution loads of each control unit in key sections were analyzed, and targeted pollution control strategies were proposed. The results showed that the water quality of Sanying national control section of the Qingshui River in 2015-2018 could not stably reach the Class Ⅳ water quality standard of Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB 3838-2002), and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of Quanyanshan Section was at risk of exceeding the Class Ⅳ water quality standard. The water environmental capacity of the basin was 592.83-1 238.25 t/a for COD, 51.99-193.60 t/a for ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and 5.02-12.85 t/a for total phosphorus (TP). The pollution load into the Qingshui River of the basin was 15 661.1 t/a for COD, 1 670.2 t/a for NH₃-N and 784.5 t/a for TP in normal water period, which was 16, 14 and 89 times of the water environmental capacity (COD 940.57 t/a, NH₃-N 114.64 t/a, TP 8.81 t/a). The pollution load per unit area in Guyuan City was the highest (COD 3.04 t/a, NH₃-N 0.22 t/a, TP 0.06 t/a), with outstanding problems of industrial pollution load and urban living pollution. The total pollution load in Zhongwei City control unit into the river was the highest (COD 6 738.45 t/a, NH₃-N 868.88 t/a, TP 218.12 t/a), with relatively serious urban living source pollution, while Wuzhong City control unit had relatively heavy poultry-farming pollution. Based on the water quality targets and the pollution characteristics of each unit, it was recommended that the wastewater recycling and utilization of industrial enterprises be strengthened and the urban wastewater treatment capacity be improved in Guyuan City control unit; the construction, transformation and upgrading of sewage collection and treatment facilities be focused on Zhongwei City control unit; and the centralized treatment and reuse of livestock manure in large-scale farms be implemented in Wuzhong City control unit.
- upper reaches of the Yellow River /
- pollution load /
- water environmental capacity /
- watershed pollution control /
- Qingshui River Basin

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图 1 清水河流域概况、断面与控制单元分布

Figure 1. General situation and section and control unit distribution of Qingshui River basin

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图 2 2015—2018年三营与泉眼山国控断面水质变化

注：水质标准为GB 3838—2002。

Figure 2. Water quality changes in Sanying and Quanyanshan national control sections from 2015 to 2018

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表 1 各控制单元人均污染物排放量

Table 1. Per capita pollutant discharges of each control unit g/(人· d)　

控制单元	COD排放量	氨氮排放量	TP排放量
吴忠	65	7.64	0.73
中卫	65	7.48	0.73
固原	60	7.69	0.64

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表 2 清水河流域不同水期水环境容量

Table 2. Water environmental capacity of Qingshui River Basin in different water periods t/a　

水期	COD	氨氮	TP
丰水期	1 238.25	193.60	12.85
平水期	940.57	114.64	8.81
枯水期	774.77	82.32	6.90
特枯水期	592.83	51.99	5.02

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表 3 固原控制单元污染负荷排放量与入河量

Table 3. Pollution load discharge and river inflow of Guyuan control unit t/a　

污染负荷来源		排放量			入河量
污染负荷来源		COD	氨氮	TP	COD	氨氮	TP
城镇生活源		4 458.84	555.87	47.56	647.88	103.66	6.48
农村生活源		4 947.21	616.75	52.77	1 298.64	161.90	13.86
工业源		4 129.00	22.00	0	2 890.30	15.40	0
农业源	禽畜养殖	12 660.00	1327.00	924.00	1 266.00	133.00	92.00
	标准农田	1 068.00	213.00	80.00	213.00	43.00	16.00
	水产养殖	15.00	0	0	3.00	0	0
合计		27 278.05	2 734.62	1 104.33	6 318.82	456.96	128.34

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表 4 中卫控制单元污染负荷排放量与入河量

Table 4. Pollution load discharge and river inflow of Zhongwei control unit t/a　

污染负荷来源		排放量			入河量
污染负荷来源		COD	氨氮	TP	COD	氨氮	TP
城镇生活源		3 072.57	393.80	37.38	2 136.35	274.68	25.93
农村生活源		10 067.43	1 290.31	122.49	2642.70	338.70	32.15
工业源		532.00	95.00	0.06	372.40	66.50	0.04
农业源	禽畜养殖	11 713.00	1 243.00	1 323.00	1 171.00	124.00	133.00
	标准农田	1 519.00	304.00	113.00	304.00	61.00	23.00
	水产养殖	555.00	19.00	17.00	112.00	4.00	4.00
合计		27 459.00	3 345.11	1 612.93	6 738.45	868.88	218.12

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表 5 吴忠控制单元污染负荷排放量与入河量

Table 5. Pollution load discharge and river inflow of Wuzhong control unit t/a　

污染负荷来源		排放量			入河量
污染负荷来源		COD	氨氮	TP	COD	氨氮	TP
城镇生活源		2 371.77	302.01	28.86	28.86	33.00	2.06
农村生活源		5 803.50	738.98	70.62	70.61	193.98	18.54
工业源		12.00	2.00	0	8.40	1.40	0
农业源	禽畜养殖	6 761.00	777.00	945.00	945.00	78.00	94.00
	标准农田	951.00	190.00	72.00	72.00	38.00	14.00
	水产养殖	0	0	0	0	0	0
合计		15 899.27	2 009.99	1 116.47	1 124.87	344.38	128.60

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表 6 各控制单元单位面积污染负荷排放量与入河量

Table 6. Pollution load discharge and river inflow per unit area of each control section t/km²　

控制单元	单位面积污染负荷排放量			单位面积污染负荷入河量
控制单元	COD	氨氮	TP	COD	氨氮	TP
固原	13.14	1.32	0.53	3.04	0.22	0.06
中卫	3.60	0.44	0.21	0.88	0.11	0.03
吴忠	5.33	0.67	0.37	0.87	0.11	0.04

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表 7 各控制单元水污染负荷应削减量

Table 7. Required water pollution load reduction amount in each control section t/a　

控制单元	COD	氨氮	TP
固原	6 165.51	438.27	126.90
中卫	6 173.15	799.98	212.83
吴忠	902.90	317.33	126.52

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