城市污水处理厂微生物气溶胶逸散特性研究进展

康心悦; 刘建伟

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210309

城市污水处理厂微生物气溶胶逸散特性研究进展

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210309

康心悦,
刘建伟^,

北京建筑大学环境与能源工程学院

基金项目: 北京市科技计划课题（Z181100005518011）

详细信息

作者简介:
康心悦(1996—)，女，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为城市污水处理厂微生物气溶胶，xinyuekang2014@163.com

通讯作者:
刘建伟(1979—)，男，教授，博士，主要研究方向为环境微生物技术和生物除臭技术，liujianwei@bucea.edu.cn

中图分类号: X511
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-07-08

Research progress of emission characteristics of microbial aerosols in municipal wastewater treatment plants

KANG Xinyue,
LIU Jianwei^,

College of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture

摘要

摘要:
为全面理解城市污水处理厂微生物气溶胶的逸散特性，系统阐述了国内外城市污水处理厂微生物气溶胶的研究进展。城市污水处理厂中涉及机械推流和曝气搅拌的处理设施包括格栅间、沉砂池、曝气池和污泥脱水车间等是微生物气溶胶的主要来源，微生物气溶胶的粒径主要分布在小于4.7 µm的可吸入范围内。不同污水处理设施处微生物气溶胶的种群结构存在差异，Acinetobacter、Enterobacter、Arcobacter、Pseudomonas和Escherichia coli是污水处理设施微生物气溶胶中常见的潜在致病菌菌属，能够通过黏膜、损伤的皮肤、消化道和呼吸道侵入机体，威胁人体健康。城市污水处理厂微生物气溶胶的逸散特性受污水处理工艺类型、曝气类型和速率、进水水质、温度和相对湿度、风速和风向、太阳辐射以及季节等多种因素的影响。
- 微生物气溶胶 /
- 来源 /
- 逸散特性 /
- 影响因素
Abstract:
In order to fully understand the emission characteristics of microbial aerosols in municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs), the research progress of microbial aerosols in MWWTPs at home and abroad was systematically expounded. The treatment facilities involving mechanical push flow and aeration mixing in MWWTPs, which included grid room, grit tank, aeration tank, and sludge dewatering room, were the main sources of microbial aerosols. Microbial aerosols were mainly distributed in the inhalable particle size range of less than 4.7 µm. There were differences in the population community of microbial aerosols at various wastewater treatment facilities. Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Arcobacter, Pseudomonas, and Escherichia coli were common potential pathogenic bacteria in microbial aerosols in the wastewater treatment facilities, which could pose a direct threat to human health through the mucous membrane, damaged skin, and digestive and respiratory tract. The emission characteristics of microbial aerosols in MWWTPs were affected by many factors such as type of sewage treatment process, type and rate of aeration, quality of influent water, temperature and relative humidity, wind speed and direction, solar radiation, and season.
- microbial aerosol /
- sources /
- emission characteristics /
- influencing factors

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表 1 不同处理设施微生物气溶胶的逸散浓度

Table 1. Emission concentrations of microbial aerosols in different treatment facilities CFU/m³

种类	格栅/沉砂池	曝气池	二沉池	污泥脱水车间	全流程	数据来源
细菌	1 988±128	4 726±915	1 625±303	5 565±571	459±88～5 565±571	文献[28]
细菌	228	846	110	141	110~846	文献[32]
细菌	404	579	27	51	27~579	文献[32]
细菌	9 670~46 678	459~4 364		1 661~5 701	459~46 678	文献[15]
细菌	3 117±233	4 328±347	2755±212	7 866±969	1 120～8 942	文献[33]
细菌	1 177	270		1 697	233～1 697	文献[8]
细菌	2 144±302	1 109±137	60±10	74±10	48±17~4 878±272	文献[14]
细菌	1 882	1 973		1 301	1 301~1 973	文献[29]
细菌	1 031	1 857	443	1 441	443～1 857	文献[34]
真菌	212±35	583±37	141±41	830±104	141±41～1 590±152	文献[28]
真菌	487	80		930	80～930	文献[8]
真菌	1 063	944		781	781~1 063	文献[29]
真菌	720	1 384	388	497	67～1 384	文献[34]
霉菌、酵母菌	750	535		335	335～750	文献[35]

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表 2 各采样点微生物气溶胶中的常见菌属^{[7,14,15,16,23,25,32,45-47]}

Table 2. Common genera of microbial aerosols in various sampling points

微生物		一级处理设施	生化设施	污泥处理设施	下风向
细菌	革兰氏阴性菌	Alcaligences、Aeromonas、Arcobacter、Acinetobacter、Brevundimonas、Cyanobacteria、Chroococcidiopsis、Chryseobacterium、Enterobacter、Pseudomonas	Bacteroides、Brevumdimonas、Cyanobacteria、Dechloromonas、Shigella、Enterocolitica、Escherichia coli.、Serratia、Klebsiella、 Thauera、Zoogloea	Acinetobacter、Arcobacter、Bacteroides、Chryseobacterium、Enterbacter、Klebsiella、Sphingomonas、Thauera、Zoogloea	Chroococcidiopsis、Cyanobacteria、Serratia、Pseudomonas
细菌	革兰氏阳性菌	Bacillus、 Microthrix、Mycobacterium、Lysinibacillus	Bacillus、Pantoea、Microthrix、Mycobacterium	Bacillus、Pantoea、Micrococcus、Nocardiodies	Bacillus、Microthrix、Pantoea、Planococcus
真菌	霉菌	Absidia、Actinomucor、Alternaria、Aspergillus、Botrytis、Boeremia、Cladosporium、Cochliobolus、Chaetomium、Davidiella、Mucor、Oidium、Penicillium、Verticillium	Absidia、Actinomucor、Alternaria、Aspergillus、Boeremia、Chaetomium、Chrysosporium、Cladosporium、Cochliobolus、Davidiella、Mucor、Oidium、Penicillium	Absidia、Actinomucor、Alternaria、Aspergillus、Boeremia、 Botrytis、 Boeremia、Cladosporium、Cochliobolus Mucor、Oidium、 Penicillium	Absidia、Actinomucor、Alternaria、Botrytis、 Boeremia、Cladosporium、Cochliobolus、Davidiella、Fusarium、Mucor、Oidium、Scopulariopsis、Talaromyces、Trichothecium
真菌	酵母菌	Candida、Cryptococcus、Rhodotorula	Rhodotorula

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表 3 常见病原微生物的危害

Table 3. Hazards of common pathogenic microorganisms

病原体		健康危害
细菌	志贺菌属（Escherichia Shigella）	可导致痢疾、腹泻、呕吐、发热、关节炎
	埃希氏菌属（Escherichia coli）	可导致胃肠功能紊乱、腹泻、呕吐
	沙门氏菌（Salmonella）	可导致结肠炎、痢疾、心内膜炎、心包炎、脑膜炎
	霍乱弧菌(Vibrio cholera)	可导致腹泻、呕吐，甚至死亡
	军团菌（Legionella）	可导致军团病、肺炎、发烧，甚至死亡
真菌	曲霉菌属（Aspergillus）	可导致直接感染、变态反应及曲霉菌毒素中毒或致癌
	念珠菌属（Candidiasis）	可导致皮肤、黏膜感染，内脏感染和中枢神经系统感染
	白假丝酵母菌（Candida albicans）	可导致机体抵抗力下降或菌群失调
病毒	肠道病毒(Enteroviruses)	可导致胃肠功能紊乱、心肌炎、脑膜炎、脑炎及瘫痪性疾病、流行性皮疹病、呼吸道感染、气管炎和肺炎、流行性眼结膜炎
	甲肝病毒(Hepatitis A virus)	可导致肝脏功能障碍、肝炎
	腺病毒(Adenovirus)	可导致呼吸道疾病、眼部感染
	冠状病毒(Cronavirus)	可导致痢疾、腹泻、吸道感染、气管炎和肺炎

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表 4 不同处理工艺微生物气溶胶的逸散水平

Table 4. Emission concentrations of microbial aerosols in different processes CFU/m³

工艺	采样仪器	种类	进水	沉淀池/ 沉砂池	滴滤塔/ 曝气池	数据来源
滴滤塔	撞击式采样器	细菌（22 ℃）	2 790±380	1 120±688	322±79	文献[33]
		嗜中温链霉菌	17±17	6±10	<6
		嗜中温放线菌	2 690±472	8 840±702	2 000±1 610
活性污泥工艺	撞击式采样器	细菌（22 ℃）	2 230±519	2 010±484	1 930±247	文献[33]
		嗜中温链霉菌	239±35	292±108	39±54
		嗜中温放线菌	2 060±495	5 320±383	4 730±5 500
固定膜反应器	过滤式采样器	细菌（37 ℃）	—	—	300~11 000	文献[48]
固定膜反应器	过滤式采样器	真菌（25 ℃）	—	—	<50~400	文献[48]
活性污泥工艺	过滤式采样器	细菌（37 ℃）	—	—	13 000~24 000	文献[48]
活性污泥工艺	过滤式采样器	真菌（25 ℃）	—	—	1 400~2 400	文献[48]

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表 5 不同活性污泥工艺微生物气溶胶的逸散水平

Table 5. Emission levels of microbial aerosols in different activated sludge processes CFU/m³

工艺	种类	格栅间	曝气池	污泥脱水车间	全流程	数据来源
氧化沟	细菌	1 988±128	4 726±915	5 565±571	459±88～5 565±571	文献[28]
氧化沟	真菌	212±35	583±37	830±104	141±41～1 590±152	文献[28]
氧化沟	细菌	3 117±233	4 328±347	7 866±969	1 120~8 942	文献[33]
A/A/O	细菌	1 177	270	1 697	270～1 697	文献[8]
A/A/O	真菌	487	80	930	80～930	文献[8]
A/A/O	细菌	510±198	92±55	58±26	23±10~1 869±271	文献[14]
	细菌	951±138	989±83	152±26	66±23~2 333±219
	细菌	2 144±302	1 109±137	74±10	48±17~4 878±272
A/A/O	细菌		10 000	2 340	536~10 000	文献[34]
A/A/O	真菌		14 400	208	0~14 400	文献[34]

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