淡水环境中微塑料污染及毒性效应研究进展

钱亚茹; 石磊磊; 沈茜; 贺亚楠; 贾玉巧; 伍海闻; 王菲菲

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210251

淡水环境中微塑料污染及毒性效应研究进展

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20210251

钱亚茹^{1, 2,},
石磊磊^{1, 2},
沈茜¹,
贺亚楠¹,
贾玉巧²,
伍海闻¹,
王菲菲^1, ,

1.
环境基准与风险评估国家重点实验室, 中国环境科学研究院
2.
包头医学院公共卫生学院

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目（2020YFC1909502）

详细信息

作者简介:
钱亚茹（1997—），女，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为环境毒理学，1322443420@qq.com

通讯作者:
王菲菲（1978—），女，副研究员，博士，主要从事环境毒理学研究，wangff@craes.org.cn

中图分类号: X171
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-06-22

Research progress on pollution and toxic effects of microplastics in freshwater environment

QIAN Yaru^{1, 2
,},
SHI Leilei^{1, 2},
SHEN Qian¹,
HE Yanan¹,
JIA Yuqiao²,
WU Haiwen¹,
WANG Feifei^{1
, ,}

1.
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences
2.
School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College

摘要

摘要:
通过梳理淡水环境中微塑料分布现状及毒性效应研究进展，分析淡水环境中微塑料的丰度、类型、粒径、颜色、形状及毒性影响因素，并综述了微塑料对淡水环境生态系统中不同营养级生物的毒性效应。结果表明：微塑料在淡水水体中的分布受人为活动、水文特征、季节及微塑料类型等因素的影响，人类活动较多、水动力条件差及降水较多的水体中微塑料污染严重，不同密度的微塑料在环境介质中赋存存在差异；微塑料毒性与其浓度、粒径、类型密切相关，通过在生物体内富集及携带的化学污染物，影响水生生物的摄食、生长及繁殖能力。我国淡水环境微塑料丰度高于其他国家，建议逐步开展淡水环境微塑料及河流微塑料入海通量的调查及监测。目前国内外微塑料毒性效应研究对象主要关注了浮游植物、大型溞、贻贝及斑马鱼，尚不能满足微塑料生态和健康风险评价要求，亟待开展我国不同营养级本土生物的微塑料毒性效应研究，为将来淡水环境微塑料环境基准的建立提供科技支撑。
- 微塑料 /
- 丰度 /
- 淡水 /
- 水生生物 /
- 环境风险 /
- 毒性效应
Abstract:
By summarizing the distribution status and research progress of microplastics in the freshwater environment, the abundance, type, particle size, color, shape and influence factors of microplastics in the freshwater environment were analyzed, and the toxic of microplastics on different trophic organisms in freshwater environment ecosystem were summarized. The results showed that the microplastics distribution in the freshwater bodies was affected by human activities, hydrological characteristics, seasons and microplastics types. Freshwater with more human activities, poor hydrodynamic conditions and more precipitation was seriously polluted by microplastics, and the occurrence of microplastics with different densities was different in environmental media. The toxicity of microplastics was closely related to their concentration, particle size and type, and affected the feeding, growth and reproduction ability of aquatic organisms through the enrichment and carrying of chemical pollutants in organisms. The abundance of microplastics in the freshwater environment in China was higher than that in other countries. It was suggested to gradually carry out the investigation and monitoring of microplastics flux in the freshwater environment and river into the sea. The present microplastics research on the toxic effect at home and abroad mainly focused on phytoplankton, Daphnia magna, mussels and zebrafish, which still could not meet the requirement of the microplastics ecological and health risk assessment. It was urgent to research the microplastics toxicity effect of native organisms at different trophic levels in China, so as to provide scientific and technological support for the establishment of the microplastics environmental benchmark in the freshwater environment in the future.
- micro plastics /
- abundance /
- fresh water /
- aquatic life /
- environmental risk /
- toxicity effect

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图 1 淡水环境中微塑料的生物摄入及食物链传递

Figure 1. Biological ingestion and food chain transmission of microplastics in freshwater environment

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表 1 淡水环境中微塑料的分布及特征

Table 1. Distribution and characteristics of microplastics in freshwater environment

国家	水体名称	介质	丰度	类型	粒径/mm	颜色	主要形状
加拿大	Lake Ontario^[17]	地表水	0.8个/L	PS、PET、PP	长度(1.0±0.9)，宽度(0.3±0.2)	透明色、白色	碎片状、纤维状、薄膜状
		雨水径流	15.4个/L	PE、PP、PS、PET	长度(0.9±0.9)，宽度(0.2±0.2)	透明色、白色	纤维状、薄膜状
		农业径流	0.9个/L	PS、PP	长度(0.5±0.5)，宽度(0.2±0.2)	透明色、白色	纤维状、薄膜状、泡沫状
		尾水	13.3个/L	PET、PE、PS	长度(1.2±1.0)，宽度(0.07±0.10)	蓝色、透明色、白色	纤维状
日本	Awano River^[18]	水	102~146个/L	PE、PP	50~1 000¹⁾		纤维状
	Ayaragi River^[18]	水	86~148个/L	PE、PET	50~1 000¹⁾		纤维状
	Asa River^[18]	水	87~172个/L	PE、PP	50~1 000¹⁾		纤维状
	Majime River^[18]	水	99~1 061个/L	PE、PET、PP、PS	50~1 000¹⁾		纤维状、碎片状
葡萄牙	Antuă River^[19]	水	5.0~8.3 mg/m³ （3月），5.8~51.7 mg/m³(10月)	PE、PP		彩色	碎片状、纤维状
美国	St. Lawrence River^[20]	沉积物	(13 832±13 677)个/m²	PE	0.40~2.16		球状
中国	长江^[21]	水	(3 407.7~13 617.5)×10³个/km²	PE、PP、PS	0.112~5
	长江^[26]	水	0.48~21.52个/L	PET	<0.5		纤维状
	长江^[26]	沉积物	35.76~3 185.33个/kg	PP	<0.5		纤维状、碎片状
	长江^[27]	水	247～2 686个/m³	PE	<0.05	透明色	碎片状
	长江^[27]	沉积物	15~40个/kg	PE、PP	0.048~0.500	透明色	纤维状
	黄河^[22]	水	930个/L(旱季)，497个/L(雨季)	PE、PP、PS	<200¹⁾		纤维状
	釜溪河^[23]	沉积物	(232.83±72.83)个/kg	PP、PE			片状
	虞山河^[28]	沉积物	3.5~53 mg/kg	PE、PP、PET		透明色	薄膜状
	北塘排污河^[29]	沉积物	(183.50±11.33)~ (238.00±12.93)个/kg		＜2		碎片状、纤维状、薄膜
	湘西河^[30]	水	65.6×10⁵个/km² (7月)，4.5×10⁵个/km² (1月)	PP	1~5		薄片状
	丹江口水库^[31]	水	467~15 017个/m³	PE、PP	0.5~1.0	蓝色	纤维状
	丹江口水库^[31]	沉积物	15~40个/kg	PE、PP	0.048~0.500	透明色	纤维状
	三峡水库^[31]	水	1 597~12 611个/m³	PE、PP	<1	透明色	纤维状
	三峡水库^[31]	沉积物	25~300个/kg	PS	0.5~1	透明色	纤维状
1）单位为μm。

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表 2 微塑料对浮游植物的毒性效应

Table 2. Toxic effects of microplastics on phytoplankton

物种名	微塑料类型	粒径	作用时间/h	毒性数据	影响
斜生栅藻^[42]	PE	200~250 μm	96	8.46×10⁵ μg/L（EC₅₀）	生长抑制
特氏杜氏藻^[45]	PVC	200~250 μm	96	1.27×10⁵ μg/L（EC₅₀）	生长抑制
特氏杜氏藻^[45]	PP	(5±0.3)mm	24	17 μg/L（EC₅₀）	氧化应激诱导，光合作用降低，生长抑制
中肋骨条藻^[46]	PP	(5±0.3)mm	72	8.5 μg/L（EC₅₀）
	PE	(5±0.3)mm	24	16.5 μg/L（EC₅₀）
	PE	(5±0.3)mm	72	16.4 μg/L（EC₅₀）
	PS	(5±0.3)mm	24	20 μg/L（EC₅₀）
	PS	(5±0.3)mm	72	12.9 μg/L（EC₅₀）
	PE	74 μm	96	25.3%（生长抑制率）	叶绿素含量降低，光合作用下降，生长抑制
	PS	74 μm	96	24.7%（生长抑制率）
	PVC	74 μm	96	29.3%（生长抑制率）
	PVC800	1 μm	96	36.2%（生长抑制率）
中肋骨条藻^[46]	PE、PS、PVC与TCS复合体系	74 μm	96	7×10⁴ μg/L（LC₅₀）	细胞膜破坏，生长抑制，细胞死亡
中肋骨条藻^[46]	PVC800与TCS复合体系	1 μm	96	6×10⁴ μg/L（LC₅₀）
斜生栅藻^[47]	PS	0.1 μm	48、72		藻细胞密度、叶绿素含量、光合作用效率下降
注：EC₅₀为半最大效应浓度；LC₅₀为半数致死浓度。

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表 3 微塑料对浮游动物的毒性效应

Table 3. Toxic effects of microplastics on zooplankton

物种名	微塑料类型	粒径/μm	作用时间/h	毒性数据/(mg/L)	影响
大型溞^[42]	PS	0~5.8	48	50.7（EC₅₀）	丧失活动能力，摄食能力及消化能力下降
大型溞^[46]	PS	0.1	48、72	58.9^1）（摄食抑制率）	摄食器官和消化道堵塞，营养缺乏
大型溞^[49]	PS	5.8	48	36.5（EC₅₀）	延长孵化时间，降低孵化数量
大型溞^[51]	PE	1~10	48	7.75（EC₅₀）	降低摄食能力
大型溞^[51]	PE与菲联合暴露	1~10	48	0.35（EC₅₀）	抑制生长发育
1）单位为%。

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表 4 微塑料对底栖生物的毒性效应

Table 4. Toxic effects of microplastics on benthos

物种名	微塑料类型	粒径	作用时间	毒性数据	影响
贻贝^[57]				9.2个/g（肠道微塑料丰度）	降低摄食能力、消化能力
贻贝^[58]		<1 mm			体内富集，体内稳态被破坏
紫贻贝^[60]	PS	50 nm	48 h	0.142 mg/L（EC₅₀）	影响壳的形成
贻贝^[61]	PE		18 d		贻贝体内稳态被破坏，分配给生长发育的能量减少
贻贝^[61]	PS	50 nm	48 h		发育阻滞

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表 5 微塑料对淡水鱼类的毒性效应

Table 5. Toxic effects of microplastics on freshwater fish

作用对象	微塑料类型	粒径/μm	作用时间/h	毒性数据	影响
斑马鱼胚胎^[65]	PS与TPP联合暴露	5.8	96	276 μg/L（LC₅₀）	发育迟缓，胚胎畸形，卵黄畸形
斑马鱼幼鱼^[67]	PS（500 mg/L）	0.5	72	37%（胚胎孵化抑制率）
		10	120	41%（幼鱼存活率）
		0.5	120	12%（幼鱼存活率）
黄河鲤幼鱼^[68]	PVC	100~200	720、1 440	在肝脏、胃肠道累积	生殖细胞异常增殖，肝脏组织受损，基因表达异常
红鲫鱼幼鱼^[69]	PE	124	96		影响抗氧化活性

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