Abstract: With the continuous intensification of mineral resource exploitation and utilization in China, alongside increasingly stringent ecological protection constraints, some resource-based regions still face persistent challenges, including the difficulty of reconciling development and conservation objectives, lagging ecological restoration effectiveness, and fragmented governance systems. Based on a systematic review of policy documents, practices in representative mining areas, and relevant scholarly studies, this paper first summarizes the major ecological impacts of mineral resource exploitation from three perspectives: environmental degradation, deterioration of ecosystem structure and functions, and socio-economic conflicts. It further reveals the underlying drivers of the "development-protection" contradiction from the dimensions of spatial conflicts, technological bottlenecks, and fragmented management mechanisms. The results indicate that the substantial spatial overlap of mining layout with ecological functional areas, the insufficient supply of green mining and ecological restoration technologies, and the lack of effective multi-departmental and multi-stakeholder collaborative governance mechanisms are the primary factors contributing to the long-term persistence and recurrent intensification of such conflicts. Finally, the study proposes a series of coordinated management pathways from the perspectives of institutional coordination, technological support, and governance innovation, including improving the coherence of laws and policy frameworks, advancing green mining technology systems, strengthening ecological compensation mechanisms, promoting multi-stakeholder co-governance, and establishing full life-cycle monitoring and evaluation systems. This study constructs an integrated analytical framework of impact manifestations-structural mechanisms-governance pathways, providing systematic theoretical support and decision-making references for balancing mineral resource development and ecological protection in resource-based regions, thereby facilitating the high-quality development of the mining sector.