Abstract: Yan'an is located in the hilly and gully region of the Loess Plateau, where soil erosion is severe. To conduct a systematic evaluation of the water ecological health status of rivers in Yan'an, this study focuses on 10 important rivers in the Yan'an region, with benthic invertebrates as the research subject, and establishes a biological integrity index evaluation system. The research results show that a total of 134 species of benthic animals were surveyed in 10 rivers in the Yan'an area, with 75 species surveyed during the wet season and 79 species surveyed during the dry season. The insect class is a frequently occurring group in both wet season and dry season surveys. Limnodrilus sp. and Nebrioporus sp. are dominant species in the high water period, while Orthocladius nitidoscutellatus is the dominant species in the low water period. During the high water period, 29.0% of the monitoring points were in a healthy state, mainly distributed in the Shiwang River, Luoshui River, and Ju River in the southern mountainous area of Yan'an；31.8% of the monitoring sites were in poor or very poor condition, mainly distributed along the Beiluo River in the northwestern part of Yan'an. During the low water period, 36.2% of the monitoring sites were in good condition, mainly distributed in the Shiwang River, Yunyan River, and Luoshui River in the southern mountainous area of Yan'an. 2.8% of the monitoring sites were in poor or very poor condition, mainly distributed in the upper reaches of the Yan River in northern Yan'an. The biological integrity index of benthic animals in various rivers in Yan'an is closely related to water temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen. The research results can provide reference for the management of rivers in Yan'an and the restoration of river ecosystems.