Abstract: This study investigated the mechanisms and characteristics of air pollution in Karamay City, by analyzing the lidar data, ERA5 reanalysis data, and ground particulate matter data from particulate matter pollution processes in winter and spring of 2024. Furthermore, the sources and transmission routes of pollution events were analyzed by combining meteorological data, GDAS reanalysis data, HYSPLIT backward and forward trajectory models. The results showed: During the winter haze pollution event (9-13, February), Karamay City was affected by the weak high pressure ridge. The peak PM_2.5 concentration reached 711 μg/m³, the aerosol layer height reached 0.5 km, the extinction coefficient exceeded 1 km⁻¹, and the depolarization ratio was less than 0.2, indicating the dominance of small spherical particles. In addition to local emissions, short-distance transport in the immediate vicinity was the main cause of the high PM_2.5 concentration in this process. For the spring dust pollution event (12-17, April), the dominant weather system was the cold front transit system. Windy weather lifted sand particles, and strong northwest winds at high altitude caused pollutants to be transported at high altitudes and long distances. The peak value of PM₁₀ during this event was 1 562 μg/m³, the minimum visibility was 700 m, the aerosol height layer reached 1.5 km. The extinction coefficient and depolarization ratio peaked at 4 km⁻¹ and 0.36, and the volume concentration of coarse particles was significantly higher.