Abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are typical persistent organic pollutants. Incomplete combustion of organic matter during municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration constitutes one of their main sources. PAHs are enriched in ecosystems through multi-media migration and are of great concern because of their strong carcinogenicity (e.g., benzoapyrene) and ecotoxicity, which pose a serious threat to the environment and human health. Based on the release characteristics of PAHs in the process of MSW incineration, this study introduced in detail the influencing mechanism of multiple factors such as waste composition, physical properties and combustion conditions, and summarized the comprehensive regulation of key parameters such as temperature, oxygen content, and residence time. Combined with the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of PAHs emissions and environmental management requirements, it analyzed the specific reasons behind the regional differences in the emission control of PAHs from MSW incineration and the lack of technologies for synergistic regulation of emission reduction and combustion efficiency in China. Finally, a risk assessment framework of "collection-simulation-quantification-integration" was proposed, providing a theoretical basis and technical support for the accurate identification and control of environmental and health risks of PAHs in the whole process of municipal solid waste incineration.