International rivers conservation: multidimensional values, conflicting interests, and collaborative governance pathways

International rivers are among the most politicized natural resources. Their exploitation and conservation directly affect the economic development and social stability of riparian countries, as well as geopolitical security. Over the past several decades, with the increasingly severe global climate change and growing water scarcity, international rivers have gradually become focal points for development, utilization, and international economic and trade cooperation among affected states. In light of the imperative to build a Beautiful China and the requirements for protecting beautiful rivers and lakes, this study analyzed and summarized salient characteristics, and multidimensional values of international rivers, and elaborated on the conflicting interests faced and collaborative governance pathways in international rivers conservation. The results indicate that international rivers are characterized by five fundamental characteristics: transboundary nature, resource-sharing, interdependence, fragmented sovereignty, and ecological sensitivity, and three major value dimensions: resources, ecological, and political. The conservation of international rivers is commonly confronted with challenges such as resource contentions, difficulties in coordination, and significant environmental protection issues. The formulation of laws and regulations, the establishment of collaborative mechanisms, the advancements in scientific and technological support, and the promotion of public engagement are widely regarded as representative approaches to the conservation of international rivers. Future efforts should prioritize interdisciplinary research, multilateral cooperation, and the development of legal frameworks for international rivers conservation. Suggestions were offered to support decision-making regarding international river development, utilization, and environmental diplomacy.