环境工程技术学报

2017 Vol.7, No.6

Cover

The third-generation movable atmospheric environment Lidar monitoring system (AML-3) and its application

GU Yu, ZHENG Youfei, GAO Qingxian, ZHANG Yanyan, LIU Ting, MA Zhanyun

2017, 7(6): 651-660. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.06.90

Abstract(483) PDF(5710KB)(609)

Abstract:
The key instruments and its equipment of the third generation movable atmospheric environment Lidar monitoring system (AML-3) were introduced, and the advantages of this system in monitoring the particles and gaseous pollutants described. The experiments focusing on the atmospheric environment issues and meteorological elements were carried out in Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (40.04°N,116.41°E). The results show that compared with the normal monitoring systems, the AML-3 has obvious advantages in integrated and movable observation of near-surface, vertical and slanting route profile distribution of normal pollutants concentrations and particle extinction coefficients, as well as the surface meteorological elements, such as temperature, relevant humidity, wind speed, wind direction and atmospheric pressure. The aerosol backscattering coefficients reach its highest value near the surface and gradually decrease with the altitude increase at the experimental site in Beijing; the aerosol concentration layer during the clear sky with strong winds is obviously higher than that during the clear sky with week winds. At the experimental place, when the relative humidity is low, the number concentration of particles has negative correlation relationship with relative humidity; meanwhile, when the relative humidity is higher, the number concentration of particles in atmosphere has positive correlation relationship with relative humidity.

Study on probability of compliance with China 6 standard for the emission from light duty gasoline vehicles

WANG Junfang, YIN Hang, WANG Hongli, XIAO Han, HAO Chunxiao

2017, 7(6): 661-665. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.06.091

Abstract(505) PDF(1875KB)(876)

Abstract:
The emission characteristics of the gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicle and the common port fuel injection (PFI) gasoline vehicle at China 5 emission level were studied under the test procedure of room temperature (23 ℃) and low temperature (-7 ℃) cold-start according to China 6 standard. The results show that the CO and HC of PFI vehicles are about 4.3%-39.5% higher than those of GDI vehicles, and the emission of NO_x, particulate matter (PM) and particulate number (PN) is about 69.8%-82.7% lower. Because of the high emission of PN, GDI vehicles are more difficult to reach China 6 standard than PFI ones. In term of speeds, the emission of various gaseous pollutants at low speed is much higher than that at medium speed, high speed and super high speed. However, NO_x emissions at super high speeds have increased, only about 22.2% lower than that of low speed.

Analysis of pollution characteristics of inflow rivers of Baima Lake west bank

YI Huimin, HU Xiaozhen, DAI Dan, WU Minghong, CHEN Jinhua

2017, 7(6): 666-675. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.06.092

Abstract(347) PDF(4086KB)(499)

Abstract:
Based on the analysis of the monitoring data from 2015 to 2016, it was found that the inflow rivers in the west bank of Baima Lake was seriously polluted by nitrogen and phosphorus. In order to further understand the pollution characteristics of the inflow rivers of Baima Lake west bank and its impact on the water quality of Baima Lake, eight main inflow rivers were sampled in November, 2016. The concentration and formation of nitrogen and phosphorus were measured. The results showed that the pollution level of the eight inflow rivers was in the order of Hua River> Xun River> Wangliang River> Dadang River> Taoyuan River> Shanyang River> Caoze River> Fengchan River. The eight inflow rivers were seriously polluted by nitrogen. TN ranged from 1.41 to 9.12 mg/L, exceeding the standard level seriously. TDN which accounted for 65.61%-99.30% of TN was the main form of nitrogen in the inflow rivers. The pollution level of phosphorus was comparatively lower, the concentration of TP in Xunhe River exceeded Class Ⅲ of the Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water by 0.2 fold, while the other seven rivers maintained at the Class Ⅱ-Ⅲ. The TDP accounted for 53.03%-96.70% of TP, which is the main form of phosphorus in the inflow rivers. The eight inflow rivers could be divided into three categories by the cluster analysis, with Hua River alone as one category, Wangliang River and Xun River as the second category, and Dadang River, Fengchan River, Taoyuan River, Shanyang River and Caoze River belonging to the third category. The results of factor analysis showed that the water quality of Huahe River, Wangliang River and Xunhe River was significantly affected by nitrogen pollution, the water quality of Wangliang River and the Xun River was mainly affected by phosphorus pollution, while that of Wangliang River, Dadang River and Shanyang River was affected by organic pollution. With the increase of the distance from the lake inflow, the concentration of TN, ammonia nitrogen, TP and permanganate index in Baima Lake west bank decreased, indicating that the inflow rivers had direct impact on the water quality of the lake, and the input of pollutants of inflow rivers should be the important reason for the decline of the water quality of Baima Lake.

Identification and classification methods of groundwater pollution sources based on hazard classification

TANG Jun, LI Juan, XI Beidou, YANG Yang, WANG Yue, ZHAO Chuanjun

2017, 7(6): 676-683. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.06.093

Abstract(500) PDF(968KB)(523)

Abstract:
The classification and identification of groundwater pollution sources is essential for groundwater pollution prevention and control. The typical groundwater pollution sources were studied and the major groundwater pollution sources identifying index system established based on the priority control contaminants and pollution sources characteristics analysis results. The pollution sources hazards assessment results were regarded as the basis for the major groundwater pollution sources identification. The Hasse diagram method and comprehensive evaluation method were applied to identify priority control contaminants, and the revised Nemerow Pollution Index introduced to comprehensive assess the multicomponent priority control contaminants. Three typical groundwater sources were selected to verify the method. The results showed that the hazard level of S1, S2 and S3 was Ⅲ, Ⅲ and Ⅱ, respectively. Thus, in the management of regional groundwater pollution sources, more attention should be paid to the sources with high levels of hazard pollution, such as S1 and S2.

Heavy metal pollution and source analysis of Weihe River in Shaanxi Province

TIAN Weihua, WANG Lei, GUAN Jianling, WANG Shuting, ZHANG Yu

2017, 7(6): 684-690. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.06.094

Abstract(447) PDF(759KB)(567)

Abstract:
Based on the measured data of heavy metals (Hg, As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn) and related routine monitoring indexes (NH₃-N, COD, EC, DO and pH), the heavy metal pollution of the Weihe River in Shaanxi Province was evaluated according to the Environment Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB 3838-2002), and then the heavy metals sources in the region studied by principal component analysis and correlation analysis in and between the heavy metals and the routine monitoring indexes. The results indicated that the contents of As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn of the Shaanxi section of the Weihe River were below the standard limits for category Ⅰ or Ⅱ surface water, the content of Ni was below the limit of specific items for the drinking water and surface water sources, and the river was polluted at a certain degree by Hg. Heavy metals were correlated with routine monitoring indexes in different degrees, in which As, Cr, Ni had significant positive correlations with NH₃-N, As, Pb, Cd showed highly significant positive correlations with EC, while As showed a significant negative correlation with DO. According to principal component analysis, the first principal component mainly included As, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, all were homology with NH₃-N, and they were mainly from various human activities including of industry and life. The second principal component mainly included Cd and Zn, being of the geochemical sources.

Present situation, hazard and treatment technology of groundwater pollution in rare earth mining area of southern Jiangxi

TU Ting, WANG Yue, AN Da, LI Juan, YANG Yanmei, TANG Jun, XI Beidou

2017, 7(6): 691-699. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.06.095

Abstract(726) PDF(539KB)(1082)

Abstract:
The groundwater pollution in rare earth mining area in southern Jiangxi is serious due to the influence of ion-type rare earth ore mining. Based on related literatures both at home and abroad, the present situation of rare earth elements, ammonia-N, nitrate-N, nitrite-N and sulfate pollution caused by ore mining and in-situ leaching in the rare earth mining area of southern Jiangxi was expounded, the hazard of this type of pollution analyzed, and the existing methods of groundwater remediation as well as their application limitations summarized. Finally, the groundwater pollution control ideas suitable for rare earth mining area in southern Jiangxi were proposed, in order to provide reference for local groundwater pollution control.

The influence of temperature on BTEXs release in used mineral oil incineration disposal process

YAN Zhuoyi, SU Yi, YUE Bo, WANG Qunhui, HUANG Qifei, GAO Hong

2017, 7(6): 700-704. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.06.096

Abstract(372) PDF(1499KB)(511)

Abstract:
The incineration of used mineral oil under the condition of air atmosphere was simulated under the laboratory scale, and the relationship between the release intensity of BTEXs in flue gas and the incineration temperature studied. The experimental condition was as follows: incineration temperature at 300, 500, 700, 900 and 1 100 ℃, air atmosphere, the quantity of used mineral oil about 1.00 g. The results showed that in the increasing process of incineration temperature from 300 to 1 100 ℃, the total BTEXs release showed a trend of decrease. The reduction effect of BTEXs except benzene increased significantly when the incineration temperature was over 700 ℃, and when the incineration temperature was at 1 100 ℃, the residue rate was 0 to 7.6%. The benzene release showed an increased trend under the incineration temperature of 300 to 700 ℃, and at 700 ℃, the amount of benzene in the incineration flue gas was about 14 times of the sample's background content. From 900 to 1 100 ℃, the reduction effect of the benzene in the flue gas was not obvious by increasing the incineration temperature.

Release rule of gaseous phase pollutants during melting of fly ash from MSW incineration plant

CHEN Zhu, YANG Fan, WU Dongqin

2017, 7(6): 705-711. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.06.097

Abstract(343) PDF(1785KB)(547)

Abstract:
The fly ash released from one municipal solid wastes (MSWs) incineration plant was adopted to to analyze the influences of different melting temperatures and sand additive amounts on the compositions and amounts of pollutants in flue gas during the melting process. The fly ash melting experiments were performed in a self-designed high-temperature tube-furnace with temperature controlled and the pollutants collected by a self-design exhaust gas collection system. The weight subtraction method, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectrometry and electrochemical process were used to analyze volatile matters and gaseous pollutants during melting. The thermodynamic model was used to simulate the production of volatile matters and gaseous pollutants under different melting temperatures and sand additive amounts. The results show that during fly ash melting at 1 000-1 600 ℃ (experiment temperature 1 450 ℃ and 1 550 ℃) and 10%-30% sand (weight ratio of SiO₂ to fly ash), the main pollutants in melting flue gas are the melting fly ash, HCl, H₂S, SO₂, etc. With the increase of the temperature and sand additive amount, the volatile matter (gas yield) increases, and the effect of the temperature is greater than that of the sand. The simulation values and the experimental values fit well, and the simulation values are slightly larger than the experimental ones. The main compositions of melting fly ash are sodium, potassium and chloride salts, and include some volatile Pb and Zn. The main compositions of slag are silicate, aluminate or aluminosilicate, as well as a little sulfide and chloride. The heavy metal leaching contents of slag melted at 1 450 ℃ with 15% sand are below the national inspection line.

Research status and prospects of utilization technologies of slag from coal gasification

SHANG Xiaofu, MA Jianli, ZHANG Jian, XU Danyu, ZHANG Liangyun, ZHOU Jinqian, DUAN Xiaoyu, ZHANG Xiaomin

2017, 7(6): 712-717. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.06.098

Abstract(756) PDF(1028KB)(919)

Abstract:
Coal gasification technology has become an important part in China's energy strategy. However, a great amount of slag has been generated due to this technology, which requires urgent development of resource utilization technology to consume and reuse the slag largely. Considering that different mineral phases of coal ash content will change with the temperature in the gasifier, and based on the investigation and summarization of this change, the physicochemical reaction process of various mineral phases in gasifier is described and the decisive impact of coal ash content on final morphological characteristics of slag from coal gasification is also revealed. The research on the constituents of carbon residue in the slag and their features of change shows that final utilization approaches of the slag are significantly influenced by carbon residue. Additionally, by analyzing current research status of utilization technology of coal gasification slag, it is pointed out that the utilization as building material and mixed combustion with circulating fluid-bed raw material are the most popular approaches for slag utilization. Finally, the prospects of utilization technology for slag from coal gasification are proposed and some utilization approaches are suggested, including using as raw material of concrete or cement and being backfilled underground.

Waste acid disposal and utilization status and existing problems of surface treatment industry in Jiangsu Province

CHEN Hao, YE Fei, LI Bing, JIAO Shaojun, ZHAO Zehua, SUN Congcong

2017, 7(6): 718-725. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.06.099

Abstract(418) PDF(3585KB)(965)

Abstract:
To raise the overall level of waste acid disposal and utilization, a specific survey was made on this industry in Jiangsu Province by the provincial environmental protection bureau. A total of 49 waste acid disposal enterprises registered in 9 cities were investigated in 2016. And each enterprise was graded based on an evaluation of the management standardization, technological rationality, production safety and the treatment effectivity of environmental protective facility. According to the data of this survey, the waste acid production scale, enterprise concentration areas and hazardous characteristics of surface treatment industry were summarized, and the characteristics and existing problems of recycling processes and comprehensive utilization methods of surface treatment waste acid within the province were analyzed. Some advices on the normalization of the industry and the management of relevant departments were finally proposed.

Experimental research on liquid flow field characteristics of ABR at different sludge height

WANG Ronglin, LI Kaishi, HUANG Wenquan, DONG Liang

2017, 7(6): 726-732. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.06.100

Abstract(313) PDF(3893KB)(528)

Abstract:
Different influent flow rates of 150-500 L/h and different sludge heights of 0-45 mm were combined in anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR).The liquid phase flow characteristics in the first compartment of ABR were investigated by laser particle image velocimetry (PIV), and the liquid phase flow field of the critical section of the reactor obtained. The results showed that when the sludge height was 0 mm, the radial mean velocity of the ABR down-flow zone decreased first, then increased and finally decreased with the increase of inflow rate; when the sludge height was 15 mm, the axial mean velocity decreased first and then increased with the increase of inflow. The vorticity intensity increased gradually with the water inflow, and the radial and axial mean velocities fluctuated upward and downward with the increase of inflow. With the increase of sludge, the degree of back flow in the down-flow zone became larger. The high vector velocity area was concentrated on the 180-250 mm away from the inlet of the down-flow zone. The number of vortex cores increased with the increase of sludge height, and the high vector velocity area was concentrated on the lower part of 0-20 mm.

Study on electrochemical enhanced catalytic oxidation reaction for chlorpyrifos production wastewater treatment

WANG Songyue, HUANG Yan, YANG Shangyuan, HU Muzhou, LIU Lei

2017, 7(6): 733-738. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.06.101

Abstract(264) PDF(1598KB)(529)

Abstract:
Electrochemical enhanced catalytic oxidation method, which combined electrolytic reaction with Fenton reaction, was used for the treatment of chlorpyrifos production wastewater. The removal efficiency of chlorpyrifos production wastewater by this method was investigated and compared with that using electrolytic reaction. The biodegradability of the effluent from electrochemical enhanced catalytic oxidation reaction was also studied. The results showed that with the gradual increase of the dose of H₂O₂ solution, the COD_Cr only decreased from initial 7 920 mg/L to 5 880 mg/L in 420 min after electrochemical enhanced catalytic oxidation reaction, which indicated that chlorpyrifos production wastewater is indeed refractory. In the sole electrolytic oxidation treatment, the COD_Cr decreased sharply in the first 20 min, with a reduction of 1 892 mg/L, then the COD_Cr value kept stable. But it started to decrease gradually in the later 80 min of coupled reaction with Fenton oxidation, which showed that the organics in the wastewater were further degraded. Combining the requirement of biodegradability of electrochemical enhanced catalytic oxidation effluent and the wastewater treatment, which demands effluent COD_Cr of 500-600 mg/L, the effluent from electrochemical enhanced catalytic oxidation reaction was diluted by 3 times and 4 times respectively to perform aerobic biodegradation experiment. The reaction kinetics constant was 383.4 and 298.3 min ^-1 respectively, indicating that the biochemical reaction process was more controlled by the COD_Cr concentration rather than the chemical toxicity of the effluent. Experiment on the hydrolytic acidification-aerobic reaction process for the treatment of effluent from electrochemical enhanced catalytic oxidation reaction was conducted, and it turned out that the removal rate of COD_Cr remained at above 60% (COD_Cr 512-673 mg/L), while that of TP is approximately 45% (TP 20-30 mg/L), and the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen went up to 95% (NH₃-N 2.8-5.3 mg/L) in 21-day period.

Comparison study on regulations and policies of fugitive dust prevention and control between China and Korea

YANG Xiaoyang, MENG Fan, ZHANG Yixuan, JI Deyu, BAO Yanying, JIANG Wei, JEON Kwonho, MOON Kwangjoo, CHAE Hyeogki

2017, 7(6): 739-745. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.06.102

Abstract(303) PDF(590KB)(901)

Abstract:
The legal system, quality standards and management methods for the fugitive dust control in China mainland and Korea were systematically analyzed. The result shows that Korea has introduced relevant laws on air pollution control much earlier compared with China, and specific limits of air quality standards are more stringent in Korea. In China, regulations and policies on fugitive dust pollution are developed and implemented by local governments, while in Korea, local governments conduct supervisory work in complete compliance with the policies formulated by the Ministry of Environment of Korea. Therefore, fugitive dust policies in China are relatively flexible, and in some key areas in China, prevention programs or policies are able to be issued at appropriate time. Beijing and Liaoning Province in China were chosen as examples to perform comparative analysis between China and Korea. Compared with Korean policies, fugitive dust pollution management measures in China lack detailed quantitative provisions, which still need to be further improved. However, some advanced control measures released by Chinese government are worth to be popularized.

Progress on environmental risk assessment on solid wastes utilized in asphalt pavement

ZHANG Jing, SUN Yingjie, YANG Yufei, YANG Jinzhong, HUANG Qifei

2017, 7(6): 746-753. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.06.103

Abstract(443) PDF(609KB)(711)

Abstract:
There are broad development prospects for solid waste utilization in the construction of asphalt pavement. As solid wastes may contain heavy metals and other contaminants, the environmental safety is the primary premise of their applications in asphalt pavement. The main utilization modes and current situations of solid wastes in asphalt pavement construction were reviewed. Meanwhile, the research methods of environmental risk assessment of the contaminants in the solid wastes in road use on the groundwater and atmosphere were summarized, and the common leaching methods of heavy metals in solid wastes and cement and concrete introduced. Based on a summary of the mechanism of asphalt-aggregate adhesion and the current heavy metal leaching methods in the use of solid wastes in pavement, the suitability of the quantitative characterization method (leaching method) of pollutants release in the environmental risk assessment of solid wastes utilization in asphalt pavement was discussed. It is concluded that the environmental risk assessment of solid waste pavement can be carried out only by laboratory simulation and in foreign models due to the lack of research on the leaching methods of pollutants in specific scenes. Therefore, the pollutant leaching methods for solid waste use in asphalt pavement should restore actual application scenarios, taking into account the wheel load, ultraviolet radiation and other factors. Finally, it is pointed out that the development of environmental risk assessment standards for solid waste recycling should be the future research trend.

Determination of discharge permit limits for indirect discharge enterprises with equivalent mass method: a case study in Changzhou City

ZHANG Yifan, LEI Kun, DENG Yixiang, LI Zicheng, QIAO Fei, YAN Mengjiao

2017, 7(6): 754-758. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2017.06.104

Abstract(381) PDF(1172KB)(543)

Abstract:
The discharge permit system is an important means to control the total pollutant load and improve the watershed environmental quality. The indirect discharge enterprises (IDEs) are also included in the discharge permit system. It is a difficult problem on how to determine the discharge permit limit (DPL) for the IDEs, and there is no such a uniform regulation at the national level at present. By referring to the NPDES of the United States, the Equivalent Mass Method (EMM) was formulated to estimate the DPL for the IDEs. The EMM was successfully used to estimate the DPL for six IDEs, which were located in Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province and with the wastewater being discharged into one wastewater treatment plant. The EMM was used to calculate the equivalent mass load limits for the 6 enterprises and, in combination with the current discharge concentration standards, the COD_Cr DPLs were determined. Thus, the EMM is an effective method to estimate the discharge permit limits for the IDEs, and can be applied flexibly to the enterprises with different discharge characteristics, including newly built enterprises discharging into the pipeline network, existing enterprises stopping to discharge into the pipeline network, and under the circumstance of enhancing the discharge standards, etc.

2017 Vol. 7, No. 6

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