环境工程技术学报

2015 Vol.5, No.6

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A Study on Emission Characteristics of Particulate Matters from Typical Industrial Combustion Sources in Chongqing City

ZHAO Li, ZHANG Dan, ZHOU Zhi-en, REN Li-hong, YIN Bao-hui, YUAN Rui

2015, 5(6): 447-454. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.06.071

Abstract(2059) PDF(3248KB)(1565)

Abstract:
The particle samples from the cement kilns and coal-fired boilers in Chongqing city were collected by using a flue-gas cascade dilution sampler. The samples were then classified into 12 levels by an electric low pressure impactor (ELPI), and the size distribution characteristic of particles (0.02~10 μm) from industrial sources analyzed. The results showed that the cement kiln exhibited double-peak type logarithmic distribution, with the peak respectively at the accumulation status (0.12 μm) and the near-coarse particle status (1.23-1.96 μm), while the particle number concentration of coal boilers source presented one single peak of accumulation status. The particle-number concentration and mass concentration of the large power plant were higher than other sources, with the peak value being 2.2×106 cm^-3, and 174.2 mg/m³, respectively. The OC, Al, and Ca were relatively high in the cement kiln PM_2.5, accounting for 17.96%, 17.32% and 9.90% of PM_2.5, respectively, while Al, SO₄^2-,and OC were relatively high in the coal-fired boiler PM_2.5, accounting for 9.17%, 8.92% and 6.15%, respectively. Compared with carbonaceous and water-soluble fractions, the inorganic fraction contributed more to PM_2.5 in the industrial sources, responsible for 44.28% in the cement kiln sources and 18.07% in the coal-fired boilers sources.

Construction and Research of Heavy-Coach’s Driving Cycle in Beijing City

YANG Xiao-juan, WANG Jian

2015, 5(6): 455-463. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.06.072

Abstract(2206) PDF(1483KB)(1396)

Abstract:
The autonomous driving method was adopted to acquire the driving data of heavy coaches in Beijing city, and the wavelet transform method used to deal with data under short stroke classification. The self-developed GPS vehicle information management system was used to monitor and collect the driving data of 400 heavy coaches equipped with driving recorders for 2 months. Then the principal components of micro trips were classified through the method of principal component analysis and K clustering technology. The Best Incremental Method and Combined Method were integrated to establish a speed change curve as representative driving cycle. Through the validation of the characteristic parameters and the joint probability distribution of velocity and acceleration, it was shown that the constructed driving cycle could comprehensively reflect the driving characteristics of heavy coaches in Beijing city. By comparison with domestic and international representative driving cycles, it was found that the constructed heavy coach’s driving cycle in Beijing city has the characteristic of having short idle time, moderate acceleration and deceleration time, and long uniform driving time, which was very different from the driving cycle of passenger car and public transport in Beijing city and European countries in traffic pattern. This is an important supplement to the research of driving cycle of heavy coaches.

Pollution Characteristics, Sources and Control of Arsenic in PM_2.5 in China

JIANG Hua-liang, WANG Zong-shuang, WU Xue-fang, GUO Min, GU Yan-yue

2015, 5(6): 464-470. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.06.073

Abstract(1858) PDF(753KB)(1215)

Abstract:
There is no enough attention paid to arsenic pollution in atmosphere in China at present. The trace element arsenic in PM_2.5 was studied, with its harm, variation characteristics, pollution level, sources, control technology and standards analyzed. The results show that there are differences between arsenic and other metals in PM_2.5 in the rule of seasonal variation, someplace even showing almost the opposite trend. The daily variation of arsenic and PM_2.5 are positively related, while the spatial variation of arsenic is the same as other metal element. The arsenic pollution in PM_2.5 in China is serious, and there are some differences between northern and southern parts of the country. The relevant standard of arsenic in the air is lacking in China at present. Suggestions on arsenic pollution control and further researches were put forward based on the summarization of the variation, pollution level and control experience of arsenic in China.

Water Pollution Cause Analysis and Control Strategies of Xuchang Section of Qingyi River

CHANG Sheng, LIU Yan, FU Qing, YANG Guang

2015, 5(6): 471-477. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.06.074

Abstract(2142) PDF(1474KB)(1575)

Abstract:
The cause of the water pollution of Xuchang section of the Qingyi River was systematically analysed, so as to provide the control plan and policy recommendations for remediating the watershed and improving the water quality. According to the analysis of monitoring data of five water quality monitoring sections along the mainstream of the Qingyi River druing 2010 to 2011, chemical oxygen demand and ammonia were identified as the major pollution indicators. After analyzing the pollution burden of the domestic sewage, industrial waste water and agricultural effluent, as well as the spatial distribution characteristics of the pollution sources, the main cause of the river pollution should be attributituted to the industrial waswater discharge from the paper industry in Weidu District and leather industry in Changge City. Finally some countermeasures were put forward to solve the outstanding water pollution problems in the Qingyi River.

Effect of Spatial Distribution on Inflow Ability of Non-point Source Pollutants into the Lake

WANG Ya-kong, YE Chun, ZHANG Da-lei, LI Chun-hua

2015, 5(6): 478-484. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.06.075

Abstract(1618) PDF(3224KB)(1768)

Abstract:
Based on understanding and analysis of the migration mechanism of non-point source pollutants, the method of combining watershed unit and river network analysis was used to explore the impact of spatial locations on the inflow ability of non-point source pollutants into the lake. The distance weight was used to represent the impact degree of the polluting sources in the watershed on the lake water environment. With Zhushan Bay as case study, a river network model was constructed by ArcGIS, which was used for watershed unit division and origination-destination (OD) cost matrix analysis. The distance weight of non-point source pollution in watershed was thus calculated, and then tested by pollution contribution coefficients. The results show that the inflow ability of the pollutants into the lake is affected by the polluting source’s location or the migration route distance of the pollutants. The distribution of the same distance weight unit conforms to watershed unit, and the inflow coefficients of TN and TP into the lake are positively associated with the distance weight.

Effect of Different Life Stage Vallisneria natans (Lour.)Hara on Migration and Transformation of Nitrogen in Water and Sediment

YE Bin, WU Lei, LI Chun-hua, ZHANG Lai-jia, WEI Wei-wei

2015, 5(6): 485-491. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.06.076

Abstract(2616) PDF(3047KB)(1180)

Abstract:
The growth and decomposition of submerged macrophytes affects the nitrogen cycle in water body. In order to investigate the migration and transformation rule of nitrogen in the water-sediment- submerged macrophytes system, a simulated system was constructed. The changes of nitrogen in water, sediment and submerged macrophytes (Vallisneria natans(Lour.)Hara, V. natans) as well as its migration and transformation in the life cycle of V. natans were studied for 270 days. The results show that the biomass of V. natans increased by more than 30 times in the first three months, and the total nitrogen (TN) amount in water and sediment decreased. After 90 days, V. natans grew slowly and stepped into decaying stage and TN of the whole system decreased gradually. TN in both water and sediment from the group with V. natans was less than that of the control group in the 180th day. In the 270th day, the decomposition rate of V. natans reached 100% and TN in sediment decreased by 9.11% compared with that in the 180th day, while the content of TN in water was similar to that of the 90th day, and was 2.42 times as that in the 180th day. NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N in water and sediment of the control group fluctuated slightly, whereas those in sediment and plant of the group with V. natans changed greatly. During the growth period, NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N in sediment transferred into V. natans, while they were released in a large amount during decomposition process of V. natans, some of which deposited into sediment.

Improvement of Small and Medium-sized Estuaries with Tidal Sluices: A Case Study in Yancheng Coast

LU Ti-cheng, LI Ming-liang, CHEN Jing-dong, YANG Lei, GONG Xu-long, LU Li-yin

2015, 5(6): 492-498. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.06.077

Abstract(1445) PDF(2187KB)(1051)

Abstract:
There are a lot of small and medium-sized estuaries, and they transport giant sediments, nutritive salts and pollutants into the ocean, which could cause great impact on the geomorphology evolution, natural resources exploitation and the balance of ecosystem. Building tidal sluices at the estuaries could change the original sediment transport patterns, resulting in a series of estuary problems, for example, estuary siltation, pollution and degeneration of ecological system. Taking main estuaries of Yancheng coast for instance, the characteristics of estuaries with tidal sluices were analyzed, and the concept of sustainable improvement and corresponding countermeasures were proposed, in order to ensure the sustainable economic and social development of the estuary areas.

Ecological purification efficiency of several aquatic plants on tail water of sewage treatment plant

ZHANG Rui-bin

2015, 5(6): 504-508. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.06.079

Abstract(1905) PDF(1317KB)(1033)

Abstract:
Based on building the small aquatic ecosystem, the removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus in sewage treatment plant tail water of Taihu Lake Basin by Cyperus alternifolius, Canna indica, Elodea Canadensis Michx. and Ceratophyllum demersum L. was studied. The results showed that these four plants had good removal efficiency for nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater. The comprehensive purification ability of emerged plants Cyperus alternifolius and submerged plants Ceratophyllum demersum L. was higher than that of the others. The order of comprehensive purification ability from strong to weak was Ceratophyllum demersum L., Cyperus alternifolius, Elodea Canadensis Michx., Canna indica.purification ability from strong to weak was Ceratophyllum demersum L., Cyperus alternifolius, Elodea Canadensis Michx., Canna indica.

Research on Technology Conditions of Purifying Phycocyanin from Fresh Algae Using Salt Precipitation

ZHANG Fa-yu, ZHAO Bing-bing, CAI Jing, YUAN Meng-yuan, SHENG Jing-meng, WANG Jia-quan

2015, 5(6): 499-503. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.06.078

Abstract(1987) PDF(969KB)(1341)

Abstract:
The fresh blue-green algae in algae bloom were used for treatment and the crude extracts of phycocyanin were obtained by freeze-thaw method. On the basis of single-factor experiment of salt precipitation in the first and second steps, salt precipitation time, the impacts of phycocyanin concentration, pH and (NH₄)₂SO₄saturation on the purifying phycocyanin were comprehensively considered using the orthogonal experiment. The results showed that the optimum conditions in the first step were 17% of (NH₄)₂SO₄ saturation, 1.45 g/L of crude phycocyanin extract, pH 6.4 and 15 min of reaction time. In the second step, the optimum (NH₄)₂SO₄saturation was 35%, with pH 4.0 and 15 min of reaction time. The purity of phycocyanin was 2.04 at last, which would facilitate further purification.

Thinking on Assessment Framework of Stabilization Effect for Heavy Metals Contaminated Soil Based on Disposal Scenarios and Risks

ZHANG Zhuo, LI Fa-sheng, WANG Mei, REN Jie, SONG Xin-lai, CHEN Jia-yu, ZHANG Chao, GUO Guan-lin

2015, 5(6): 509-518. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.06.080

Abstract(1871) PDF(2753KB)(1397)

Abstract:
Domestic and international standard methods were reviewed and the existing problems pointed out on assessment of stabilization effect for heavy metals contaminated soil. At present, the method of toxicity leaching under the simulated scenarios of landfilling and acid rain is mostly adopted for the assessment. However, this assessment method cannot completely simulate the release of pollutants into the surrounding environment for different purposes, such as gardening soil, road construction, embankment, etc. It is also difficult to characterize the release risk of heavy metals under the long-term effects of the actual complex environments such as carbonization and freeze-thaw, etc. The appropriate leaching methods should be established based on different reuse and disposal scenarios of the stabilized soil, to assess the possibility and amount of heavy metals release under different environmental stress conditions. The health and ecological risk assessment methods should be built up to evaluate the potential risk of the stabilized soil. Through these attempts, the framework of leaching and risk assessment methods for the stabilized soil could be formed.

Study on Scheme Feasibility Assessment of Cleaner Production Audit in Aluminum Electrolytic Industry

LI Xu-hua, ZHOU Chang-bo, LI Jun-chao, SHEN Chen

2015, 5(6): 519-524. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.06.081

Abstract(2047) PDF(1115KB)(1243)

Abstract:
According to the characteristics of “high energy consumption, heavy pollution” of aluminum electrolytic industry, with “energy saving, consumption reducing, pollution decreasing and benefit increasing” as the dominant purpose, the evaluation index system for cleaner production scheme in aluminum electrolytic industry was constructed by combing with AHP-Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, and the feasibility of the comprehensive evaluation model to be used in the evaluation of cleaner production scheme in this industry was explored. It shows that AHP-FUZZY comprehensive evaluation method can be successfully applied in screening cleaner production high- and middle-cost schemes in aluminum electrolytic industry, and the good economic, social and environmental benefits could be realized by implementation of the schemes screened out.

Research on Polluting Characteristic of Tungsten Residue from Ammonium Paratungstate (APT)

YANG Jin-zhong, GAO He-feng, WANG Ning, CHEN Lin, WANG Jian-yuan, YANG Yu-fei

2015, 5(6): 525-530.

Abstract(1852) PDF(1464KB)(1323)

Abstract:
The tungsten residue from 14 ammonium paratungstate (APT) industries was sampled, the total concentrations of heavy metals in the residue and the leaching concentrations were respectively analyzed by Solid Waste-extraction Procedure for Leaching Toxicity-sulphuric Acid & Nitric Acid Method (HJ/T 299-2007) and appendix S of Identification Standards for Hazardous Wastes-identification for Extraction Toxicity (GB 5085.3-2007), and the polluting characteristics of the tungsten residue defined. The results show that the total concentrations of heavy metals of tungsten residue are in accordance with the normal distribution, and Cu, Zn and As have relatively high concentrations, with maximum value of 6 260, 25 000 and 26 900mg/kg, and mean value of 3 510, 4 560 and 5 640 mg/kg respectively. On other hand, the leaching concentrations of Pb, As and Hg are higher than others, with maximum value of 33.6, 26.2 and 0.85 mg/L, which are 6.72, 5.24, 8.5 times higher than the standard values stipulated by GB 5085.3-2007, and the exceeding standard rate is 14.3%, 21.4% and 42.9% respectively. Tungsten residue is attributed to hazardous waste, whose featured pollutants are As, Mo and Hg.

Analysis of Green Development, Circular Development, Low-carbon Development and Practices in Industrial Parks

GUO Jing, QIAO Qi, SUN Qi-hong, BAI Lu

2015, 5(6): 531-538. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.06.083

Abstract(1890) PDF(1857KB)(2310)

Abstract:
In order to promote green development, circular development and low-carbon development in China, based on the analysis of their background, connotation, origin, realization approaches, and the research status of relevant evaluation indicators both at home and abroad, the promotion forms and practices of green development, circular development and low-carbon development in industrial parks were analyzed. In terms of the connotations, green development is a kind of development mode and can be realized through circular development and low-carbon development, which are cross-related each other. The analysis of connotations and evaluation index should provide systematic theoretical support for green development, circular development and low-carbon development in industrial parks. Finally, some strategic suggestions were put forward for green development, circular development and low-carbon development in industrial parks.

Analyses on Source, Fate and Environmental Impact of Pharmaceuticals in Environment

JIANG Ke-wei, LIU Min-min, ZENG Chao

2015, 5(6): 539-544. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.06.084

Abstract(2008) PDF(745KB)(1256)

Abstract:
The present research status of pharmaceuticals in the environment was summarized. The source of pharmaceuticals released to the environment, including drug production, drug use and disposal of excess and outdated pills was elaborated. The detecting methods of pharmaceuticals, involving sample extraction and purifying, chromatographic separation, and chromatography-mass spectrometry, were introduced. The fate of pharmaceuticals in the environment, including the ways of absorption, biodegradation, hydrolysis and photodegradation, was introduced. The environmental impact was illustrated from the findings of chronic and acute effects of pharmaceuticals in laboratory and environment experiments and the complex effects on organism of muti-component pharmaceutical mixtures.

Progress of the Assessment of Lake Ecological Restoration

ZHANG Wen-hui, HU Xiao-zhen, XU Qiu-jin, ZHAO Yang

2015, 5(6): 545-550. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.06.085

Abstract(1854) PDF(735KB)(1606)

Abstract:
Based on a review of the lake restoration assessment, lake ecosystem health assessment and other ecosystem restoration assessment at home and abroad, the definitions of lake ecological restoration were summarized. The choice of restoration indicators was introduced from four aspects, i.e. physical and chemical indicators, aquatic biological indicators, littoral zone structure and function indicators, and water amount indicator. Also the method of selecting reference conditions in ecological restoration evaluation was outlined, focusing on two types of assessment methods including biological monitoring method and multi-index complex assessment method, with the introduction of the advantages and disadvantages of both methods. According to available studies, the problems in lake restoration assessment were discussed, and it was pointed out that the large-scale assessment, the long-term monitoring and the establishment of a comprehensive assessment system model should be the focus for further development.

2015 Vol. 5, No. 6

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