环境工程技术学报

2015 Vol.5, No.4

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Study on the Difference of Sulfate Removal with Different Substrates and COD_Cr/SO₄^2- Ratios

ZHANG Jin-rui, ZHU Ge-fu, PAN Xiao-fang, LIU Xiang-chao, HUANG Xiang, LIU Lin

2015, 5(4): 253-258. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.04.041

Abstract(1559) PDF(858KB)(932)

Abstract:
To explore the effects of COD_Cr/SO₄^2- and substrate on the removal of sulfate, the difference of the sulfate removal to five different substrates, i.e. lactic, ethanol, propionic, butyric and acetic, under different COD_Cr/SO₄^2- ratios was studied in the conical flask with static condition. Results reveal that SRB with the substrate of ethanol has higher affinity than any other substrates at the COD_Cr/SO₄^2- of 2.0 at the temperature of 35 ℃. When the COD_Cr/SO₄^2- increases to 2.5, the system with lactic, ethanol and propionate as substrate rapidly reaches high sulfate removal rate, being 90.29%, 81.27% and 80.69%, respectively. At the COD_Cr/SO₄^2- of 3.0, the system with butyrate and acetate as substrate has high sulfate-reducing rate, being 88.78% and 73.69%, respectively. It is shown that COD_Cr/SO₄^2- rate has significant effects on the consumption of different substrates in the anaerobic system. Therefore, keeping the system at optimal COD_Cr/SO₄^2- according to the substrates is an effective approach to increase the sulfate-reducing rate. This also provides a new thought to shorten the set-up time of anaerobic sulfate-reducing reactor.

Aniline Degradation in Water and Soils by Potassium Persulfate

WU Yu-ting, MA Fu-jun, GU Qing-bao, PENG Chang-sheng

2015, 5(4): 259-264. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.04.042

Abstract(1800) PDF(842KB)(1038)

Abstract:
The degradation of aniline by potassium persulfate was investigated in aqueous solutions and soils. The influence factors such as the temperature, oxidant concentration and initial pH were explored. The results indicated that in aqueous solutions, under the conditions of reaction temperature of 40 ℃, potassium persulfate concentration of 103.0 mmol/L and pH range of 5-11, the optimal aniline degradation effect could be obtained with aniline degradation efficiency of 94.1%. The results showed that the removal of aniline could reach 98.9% at the condition of 40 ℃ with potassium persulfate concentration of 1.2 mol/L. Therefore potassium persulfate can be used to effectively degrade the aniline in water and soils, which provides a possible approach for the emergency management of aniline contaminant.

Adsorption Characteristics of 2,4-Dimethyphenol by Using Zeolite in Aqueous Phase

WEI Jian, KONG Ming-hao, SONG Yong-hui, Jean- StéphanePIC, FAN Dong-qi

2015, 5(4): 265-270. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.04.043

Abstract(2118) PDF(696KB)(860)

Abstract:
The adsorption removal of 2,4-dimethyphenol (2,4-DMP) in aqueous phase was investigated by using zeolite in a batch statistic adsorption system. The 2,4-DMP adsorption capabilities of three different zeolites were compared, and FAU-Y zeolite was chosen as the adsorbent for its best adsorption capabilities. The effects of initial pH and adsorbent dosage on 2,4-DMP adsorption were investigated respectively, and the adsorption kinetics and isotherms analyzed. The results showed that FAU-Y zeolite had high adsorption ability for 2,4-DMP. The equilibrium of the adsorption process was established in about 24.0 h under the conditions of initial 2,4-DMP concentration 250 mg/L, initial pH 5.2, FAU-Y zeolite dosage 5.0 g/L and temperature 20 oC, with a saturated adsorption capability of 48.22 mg/g. The initial pH from 2.0 to 9.3 had no significant influence on 2,4-DMP adsorption removal. The comparison of adsorption kinetic models showed that the adsorption process was better described by a second-order adsorption kinetic model. The isotherm analysis showed that the adsorption equilibrium data fit better with Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm than with the Langmuir isotherm and Freundlich isotherm.

Study on Treatment of Reverse Osmosis Concentrate of Petrochemical Wastewater by Homogeneous-Fenton Process

FAN Dong-qi, WEI Jian, XU Dong-yao, TU Xiang, SONG Yong-hui

2015, 5(4): 271-276. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.04.044

Abstract(1487) PDF(921KB)(829)

Abstract:
The homogeneous Fenton process was applied to the treatment of petrochemical reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC). The effects of H₂O₂ concentration, Fe²⁺ concentration, initial pH value and reaction temperature on the treatment efficiencies were investigated, and the biodegradability of wastewater and the variations characteristics of the pollutants analyzed. The results showed that under the optimum reaction conditions of H₂O₂ concentration 75.0 mmol/L, Fe²⁺ concentration 7.5 mmol/L, initial pH value 3.0 and reaction temperature 25 ℃, after 2.0 h reaction, TOC concentration decreased from 198.4 mg/L to 111.6 mg/L, the organics mineralization removal efficiency reached 43.7%, and the BOD₅/COD_Cr ratio increased from 0.11 to 0.28. The biodegradability of ROC was significantly improved and the concentration of the pollutants greatly decreased. The excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectrum analysis demonstrated that the total removal efficiency of the fluorescence organics by homogeneous Fenton process reached 78.7%, which improved the biodegradability of the wastewater.

Alkali Treatment of ZSM-5 Molecular Sieve and Its Adsorptive Performance of Pb2+ from Aqueous Solution

ZHANG Jian, WAN Dong-jin, LIU Yong-de, LI Gong-kun

2015, 5(4): 277-283. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.04.045

Abstract(1736) PDF(921KB)(990)

Abstract:
The alkali treatment of zeolite molecular sieve and its adsorptive performance toward Pb²⁺ ion from aqueous solution were investigated. The results showed that alkali solution treatment could enhance adsorb Pb²⁺ from aqueous solution effectively. Zeolite treated with 0.50 mol/L NaOH solution exhibits the highest adsorption capacity. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm of Pb²⁺ uptake using alkali modified zeolite molecular could be satisfactorily described with pseudo second-order kinetics model and Langmuir model, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity calculated by Langmuir model at 30 ℃was 54.64 mg/g, about 0.60 times higher than the original material. When the adsorbent dosage was greater than 1.0 g/L with 20 mg/L Pb²⁺ initial concentration, the adsorption removal efficiency was higher than 98.5%. Common cations could affect the adsorption process, and the effect sequence was Cu²⁺>Na⁺≈ K⁺>Mg²⁺. Besides, IR, BET and XRD analysis were employed to characterize the materials, and it was found that the increase of average pore diameter and the decrease of Si/Al ratio were the main reasons of the increase of adsorption capacity after the alkali treatment.

Characterizing Land Use Spatial Heterogeneity Driven by Human Activities: A Case Study in Zhongshan City

WAGN Ming-hao, WANG Wen-jie, WU Kun, WANG Jia-pan, XU Chao

2015, 5(4): 284-292. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.04.046

Abstract(1812) PDF(2706KB)(779)

Abstract:
With a case study in Zhongshan city and based on remote sensing interpretation data of land uses, the land use intensity was calculated using the method of system grid sampling, and the spatial distribution characteristics of land use intensity as well as the driving functions of human activities explored. The results showed that the spatial scale of 1 200 m could well reflect the spatial heterogeneity characteristics of land use intensity. The spatial distribution of land use intensity in the research area showed a strong positive correlation; from 2000 to 2010, the distribution patterns of land use intensity transformed from the multipoint to polarization, showing the diffusion effect of the core region. On the whole, the spatial variation of land use intensity was affected by the scale, and the isotropy was weakened and transformed into obvious anisotropy with the increase of scale. The difference of natural conditions and regional development policies led to obvious differentiation of land use intensity among various administrative units. Driven by human activity influences, the land use intensity heterogeneity showed the tendency of increase in the research area.

GIS-based Risk Zoning of Flood Disasters in Upstream of the Minjiang River

YUE Qi, ZHANG Lin-bo, LIU Cheng-cheng, ZHANG Hai-bo

2015, 5(4): 293-298. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.04.047

Abstract(2179) PDF(2020KB)(1344)

Abstract:
For the prevention and treatment of flash flood disasters, the zoning of risk based on the master of their regional differentiation laws is an important link to scientifically analyze the disaster factors of the flood disasters and take appropriate preventive measures. Using 12 factors including multi-year averaged rainfall, soil type, slope, elevation, length of the longest convergence route, gradient of the longest convergence route, roughness, steady infiltration rate, population density, per unit area GDP, land use and vegetation coverage, and with a combination of AHP and Delphi methods adopted to determine the weights, the spatial overlay analysis was performed to complete flash flood hazard assessment map, vulnerability map and flood disaster risk zoning map at upper reaches of the Minjiang River. The maps were integrated with the disaster data in 1985-2013 to analyze and compare the flood disaster risk zoning and the actual disaster occurrence situations, so as to provide decision-making support for land use planning of different risk zones as well as the risk information to habitants in the disaster vulnerable zones.

Environmental Management at County Level Based on Livestock Supporting Capacity of Cropland: A Case Study of Shouguang City

SHAGN Hong-lei, ZHOU Ting-ting, GAO Xin-ting, ZHENG Ye, WANG Bao-liang, HAN Yong-wei

2015, 5(4): 299-305. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.04.048

Abstract(2231) PDF(951KB)(1096)

Abstract:
The livestock supporting capacity and environmental management strategies in Shouguang city, Shandong province were analyzed. The results showed that the livestock breeding scale of Shouguang city was relatively reasonable and still had potential carrying capacity of 1.033 million breeding pigs equivalent. But the livestock and poultry breeding industry development was not balanced among villages and towns (streets), some of the townships had the livestock breeding amount over 2 times than the carrying capacity with very high environmental risk. From 2008 and 2013, the livestock carrying capacity had no significant change, and was expected to be saturate in 2018. The spatial analysis showed that the environmental pressure of Shouguang livestock and poultry breeding exhibited the characteristics of “fat in north and thin in south” and “big filling with thin skin” in southern region. Therefore, some management measures were put forward regarding control of livestock and poultry breeding scale and promotion of the rewards system, which could provide reference for establishing environmental management system and agricultural ecological environment protection at county level.

The Present Status and suggestions on the laws and regulations and the environmental standards of Environmental Management of Hazardous Waste in China

LI Qin, CAI Mu-lin, LI Min, ZHU Jing, GU Xue-jing, WANG Hai-yan

2015, 5(4): 306-314. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.04.049

Abstract(1794) PDF(1435KB)(978)

Abstract:
The existing laws, administrative regulations, department rules and environmental standards on the management of hazardous wastes in China were reviewed. The results show that some management rules regarding hazardous waste management instruments established in laws have not yet been fully implemented. In the management of hazardous wastes, it focuses mainly on the harmless control, while the management of waste reduction and comprehensive utilization is relatively weak. Additionally, the environmental standard system of hazardous wastes needs to be improved. It was suggested that existing administrative regulations and departmental rules, etc. be amended and improved to strengthen implementation of existing hazardous waste management instruments. The precedence strategy should be taken in hazardous waste management to improve source reduction and promote resource utilization. Also, the environmental standard system should be improved based on researches on new techniques and methods of waste management.

Study on Key Points in Revising of Technical Codes for the Centralized Disposal of Medical Wastes

ZHAO Li-na, YAO Zhi-mao, DAI You-tian, WANG Hong-yang, ZHOU Xiao-song, ZHAO Xin, QIAN Xiao-ping, WANG Hai-yan

2015, 5(4): 315-322. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.04.050

Abstract(1774) PDF(1178KB)(850)

Abstract:
Aiming at the problems of the context and implementation of the Technical Codes for Centralized Disposal of Medical Wastes, six key points were put forward for revising the standard, including the role of the standard and coordination with other standards, the adjustment of time and temperature requirement of temporary storage, the protection distance requirement of medical waste disposal plants, the scope adjustment and selection of treatment and disposal techniques, the requirement of emergency disposal management, and the enhancement of standard validity. It is proposed that the standard should cover the whole process of medical wastes management and, as a connecting technical documents, it should not only integrate the relevant contents of other standards for medical wastes but also include uncovered links or technical management requirements, such as temporary storage links, emergency disposal links and high temperature and dry heat sterilization technique. The requirement of low temperature storage should be added for temporary storage time and temperature, the determination of protection distance be based on existing environmental standard management requirements and actual conditions, the technique development be considered in selection of treatment and disposal techniques, the co-disposal techniques for medical wastes be considered in development of emergency plans, and the standard validity be enhanced by convert the standard to compulsory one.

Life Cycle Assessment of Environmental Impact of Recycling and Disposal of the Waste Printer

RUAN Jiu-li, GUO Yu-wen, QIAO Qi

2015, 5(4): 323-327. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.04.051

Abstract(2105) PDF(642KB)(1179)

Abstract:
Taking waste print-copy multifunction machine for example, the environmental impacts of recycling and disposal of waste printer was evaluated with life cycle assessment (LCA) approach, and according to the assessment results for the future recycle and disposal of waste printer, countermeasures of supervision and management were put forward. The results showed that the recycling and disposal of waste printer had environmental benefits, and life-cycle environmental impacts were mainly concentrated in decreasing inorganic damage to people, climate change, ecological toxicity and fossil energy, while impacts in acidification, eutrophication, and mineral resources had little change. The transportation and power consumption were the main steps to cause negative environmental impacts, and the recycling of metal and plastic in the disposal process generated positive environmental benefits. Sensitivity analysis results showed that plastic was the most sensitive for life cycle environmental impacts of waste printer, followed by power consumption, again was the metal. For waste printer recycling disposal in the future, it need to carry out standardized recycling and dismantling, lower power consumption, and promote the research of plastic and metal recycling technology, to further improve the environmental benefits brought by recycling and disposal of waste printer.

Determination of Barium in Solid Wastes by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

ZHU Jing, LI Qian, GU Zi-qiang

2015, 5(4): 328-332. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.04.052

Abstract(2166) PDF(592KB)(1218)

Abstract:
A method for determination of barium in solid wastes by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry was studied. The optimal measurement conditions of the graphite tube type, heating program and acid digestion system were determined, and the feasibility of this method validated by test of actual samples. The results showed that with pyrolytic coated graphite tube and at the ashing temperature of 1 000 ℃, the ashing time of 8.0 s, the atomization temperature of 2 600 ℃ and the atomization time of 2.8 s, the concentration of barium showed a linear relationship with the absorbance, with the correlation coefficient of 0.999 1. The detection limit of barium was 2.7 mg/kg, the relative standard deviation was between 2.7% and 5.4%, and the recovery rate of the actual samples was between 89.5% and 94.5%.

Relationship of Landscape Pattern and River Water Quality in Shuifumiao Reservoir Watershed in Hunan Province

WAGN Ming-hao, WANG Wen-jie, FENG Yu, WU Di, WU Kun

2015, 5(4): 333-340. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.04.053

Abstract(1675) PDF(1794KB)(968)

Abstract:
With Shuifumiao Reservoir watershed in Hunan province as study area, based on the land use RS interpretation results and the water quality monitoring data and choosing landscape indices of landscape level and patch pattern level, the spatial analysis and statistical analysis, such as Pearson correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis, were integrated to analyze the landscape pattern characteristics in the watershed and explore the relationship between the landscape pattern and the river water quality characteristics. The results showed that there existed significant correlation between the land use types and the water quality in the study area, the proportion of forest land area was negatively correlated to most pollution indices, while the proportion of arable land and construction land area positively correlated to all pollution indices. The impact of landscape pattern on the water quality at landscape level and patch pattern level were different; the patch fragment at both levels had significant impact on the water quality, while the complexity of patch shape showed no significant relationships with water quality parameters. The impacts of landscape pattern on the water quality at the watershed scale were characterized by obvious heterogeneity which is reflected by the spatial distribution of land uses and the difference in the impacts of various landscape pattern spatial characteristics on the sources, sinks and transportation and transform of pollutants.

Case StudyUrban of Urban River Sewage Interception and Constructed Wetland Purification,

YANG Yong-sen

2015, 5(4): 341-346. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-991X.2015.04.054

Abstract(1788) PDF(836KB)(981)

Abstract:
The methods of sewage interception and constructed-wetland purification were combined and applied to enhance the water quality in the urban river under study which was contaminated by point/non-point sources from up-stream villages, towns and farmlands. In the sewage interception section, the interception zoning was applied and auxiliary facilities designed, based on the topographical condition and development sequences. In the wetland purification section, the multi-level subsurface flow wetland and cascade surface flow wetland were applied according to the topographical condition. Proper plants were chosen to ensure normal function and metabolism of the constructed wetland. The designed sewage interception capacity was 1.02×10⁴ m³/d, wetland purification capacity was 3.5×10⁴ m³/d and the surface area of the wetland is 45 hm². With the comprehensive effect of interception facilities and constructed wetland, the goal of water quality purification can be reached, meeting the standard requirement of urban river landscape. Also, it can build good water landscape in urban area and improve the eco-environment by giving full play of ecological service functions of the river and wetland.

2015 Vol. 5, No. 4

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