炼铁工序减污降碳协同增效技术评估方法研究

银洲; 况悦; 刘丹丹; 赵亚洲; 张昕; 李艳萍

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20230560

炼铁工序减污降碳协同增效技术评估方法研究

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20230560

中国环境科学研究院

基金项目: 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项（2022YSKY-20）；黄河流域碳达峰范式与试点项目（2022-YRUC-01-0403）

详细信息

作者简介:
银洲（1988—），女，助理研究员，博士，主要从事碳精准核算、减污降碳技术评估与纳米修复材料的研发，yinzhou1029@126.com

通讯作者:
李艳萍（1976—），女，研究员，主要从事减污降碳、清洁生产研究，leeyp@craes.org.cn

中图分类号: X32
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-07-30
- 录用日期: 2023-11-17
- 修回日期: 2023-09-09

Evaluation method of synergistic benefits enhancement technologies for pollution abatement and carbon reduction in the ironmaking process

Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences

摘要

摘要:
为推广减污降碳协同控制技术，以炼铁工序为研究对象，从协同度、成本收益和环境影响3个维度评价炼铁工序源头、过程节能技术、末端治理技术和低碳技术的协同控制效益。从污染物和碳排放协同度分析来看，源头、过程节能技术能有效推动炼铁工序污染物和碳排放的协同减排，而末端控制技术对污染物和温室气体的减排不具有协同性。绿氢冶炼技术和熔剂性球团制备技术污碳减排协同度较高，此外高炉喷吹焦炉煤气技术、高炉煤气回收技术和高炉热风炉双预热能协同减少VOCs和碳排放。在当前我国碳交易价格条件下，从成本收益分析来看节能技术和污染物末端治理技术具有可推广性。随着碳交易价格的上涨，绿氢冶炼和碳捕集（CCS）技术减排成本呈下降趋势。绿氢冶炼技术、污染物末端治理技术最能有效地减少环境影响，其他节能技术也能相应减少环境影响，而现有条件下CCS技术的实施会增加对环境的影响。综合污染物和温室气体协同减排的协同度、经济效益和环境效益评估，炼铁工序中源头防治和节能技术可作为我国现阶段减污降碳协同增效技术进行推广，随着未来碳交易价格的增长和能源的转型，绿氢冶炼技术和CCS技术具有较大应用前景。
- 炼铁工序 /
- 减污降碳技术 /
- 协同评估
Abstract:
To promote the synergetic reduction technologies of pollution and carbon, the ironmaking process technology was taken as the research object, and the synergistic benefits of source and process-control technologies, end treatment technologies, and low-carbon technologies were evaluated from three perspectives of synergy level, cost-benefit, and environmental impact. In terms of synergy between pollution abatement and carbon reduction, the source and process-control energy-saving technologies could effectively promote the synergistic reduction of pollutants and carbon emissions of the ironmaking process, while end treatment technologies could not synergistically reduce pollutants and carbon emissions. Specifically, the green hydrogen smelting technology and flux-based pellet preparation technology had a high degree of synergy in reducing pollution and carbon emissions. The injection coke oven gas technology, blast-furnace gas recovery technology, and dual preheating of the hot blast furnace could synergistically reduce VOCs and carbon emissions. Under China's current carbon trading prices, energy-saving technologies and pollutant treatment technologies could be popularized according to the cost-benefit analysis. The cost of green hydrogen smelting and CCS technologies was declining with the rise of carbon trading prices. Green hydrogen smelting and pollutant treatment technologies were the most effective ways to reduce environmental impact, while other energy-saving technologies could also correspondingly reduce environmental impact. Under existing conditions, the implementation of CCS technologies would increase environmental impact. Based on the assessment of synergy between pollution abatement and carbon reduction, economic benefits and environmental benefits, the source prevention and energy-saving technologies in the ironmaking process could be promoted as China's current pollution reduction and carbon reduction synergy technologies. With the increase in carbon emission trading prices and green transformation in the future, green hydrogen smelting and CCS technologies would have great application prospects.
- iron making process /
- pollution abatement and carbon reduction technology /
- synergetic assessment

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图 1 炼铁工序技术污染物和CO₂协同减排二维坐标系

Figure 1. Two-dimensional coordinate system for evaluation of the synergistic reduction technologies of pollutants and carbon emissions in the ironmaking process

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图 2 技术的减污降碳协同收益

Figure 2. Synergistic benefits of the technologies for pollution abatement and carbon reduction

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图 3 技术的减污降碳协同减排成本

Figure 3. Costs of the technologies for carbon and pollution emission reduction

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表 1 钢铁行业炼铁工序减排技术-经济参数

Table 1. Technological and economic parameters for emission reduction technologies in ironmaking process

技术类型	编号	技术名称	燃料-煤炭节约量/（kg/t，以标煤计）	电力节约量/（kW·h/t）	原料-焦炭节约量/（kg/t）	投资成本/ （元/t）	运行成本/ （元/t）	寿命/a
源头防治技术	T1	高炉鼓风除湿技术	8.73	0	25^[27]	46.81^[28]	4.77^[29]	20^[29]
源头防治技术	T2	熔剂性球团制备技术	11^[29]	89.43	18	494.11^[30]	0^[29]	30^[29]
过程控制技术	T3	高炉炉顶煤气干式余压发电技术（TRT）	0	54	0	20.06^[29]	4.16^[29]	15^[29]
	T4	高炉喷煤技术	8.91	0	14	51.85^[29]	4.55^[29]	20^[29]
	T5	高炉喷吹焦炉煤气技术	10.93	13.89	45.7^[31]	35.50	0	20
	T6	高炉煤气回收技术	19.12	0	40^[32]	3.02	0	15
	T7	高炉热风炉双预热	9.7	0	15^[33]	5.21	0	20
	T8	旋切式高风温顶燃热风炉节能	8.07	0	20^[34]	56.15	0	15
	T9	高炉富氧	30.82	0	0	2434^[35]	9.3^[29]	20^[29]
	T10	高炉煤气燃气-蒸汽联合循环发电（CCPP）	0	88	0	32.1^[29]	0^[29]	25^[29]
	T11	绿氢冶炼技术	0	−3480	0	4350^[36]	24.75^[29]	20^[29]
减排技术	T12	高炉煤气干式除尘	0	−0.45	0	0.93	2.52	20
	T13	石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫技术	0	−6.8	0	25.14^[37]	10.92^[29]	30^[29]
	T14	碳捕集技术(CCS)	0	−665.77	0	196.42^[38]	23.44^[29]	20^[29]

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表 2 减污降碳协同效应系数对应的协同状态

Table 2. Synergistic state corresponding to synergistic effect coefficient of pollution abatement and carbon reduction

协同状态	$ \Delta {\mathit{E}}_{\mathbf{L}\mathbf{A}\mathbf{P}} $	$ \Delta {\mathit{E}}_{\mathbf{G}\mathbf{H}\mathbf{G}} $	S	特征
协同减排	> 0	> 0	[0, 0.8）	污染物和碳均减排，污染物减排速度低于碳减排速度
	> 0	> 0	[0.8, 1.2]	污染物和碳均减排且减排速度相当
	> 0	> 0	(1.2,+∞)	污染物和碳均减排，污染物减排速度高于碳减排速度
协同增排	< 0	< 0	[0, 0.8）	污染物和碳均增排，污染物增排速度低于碳减排速度
	< 0	< 0	[0.8, 1.2]	污染物和碳均增排且增排速度相当
	< 0	< 0	(1.2,+∞)	污染物和碳均增排，污染物增排速度高于碳减排速度
不协同	> 0	< 0	(−∞，0)	污染物减排，碳增排
不协同	< 0	> 0	(−∞，0)	污染物增排，碳减排

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表 3 污染物、CO₂和能源对各环境影响类别的损害因子

Table 3. Damage factors of pollutants, greenhouse gases, and energy on various environmental impact categories

终点伤害类别	环境影响类别	项目	损害因子(空气中)	人均基础值^[35]
人体健康	致癌作用^[46]	As	2.37×10⁻³ d/kg	0.019 d
		Cd	4.89×10⁻⁴ d/kg
		Cr	7.58×10⁻² d/kg
		Ni	1.22×10⁻³ d/kg
	气候变化^[47]	CO₂当量	9.28×10⁻⁷ d/kg
	细颗粒物形成^[48]	SO₂	1.82×10⁻⁴ d/kg
		PM	6.29×10⁻⁴ d/kg
		NO_x	6.92×10⁻⁵ d/kg
	光化学臭氧形成^[35]	NO_x	9.10×10⁻⁷ d/kg
	光化学臭氧形成^[35]	VOCs	1.64×10⁻⁷ d/kg
生态系统	生态毒性^[36]	As	8.94×10⁻⁷ species/kg	6.08×10⁻⁵ species
		Cd	2.69×10⁻⁶ species /kg
		Cr	1.35×10⁻⁹ species /kg
		Ni	1.29×10⁻⁶ species/kg
	气候变化^[37]	CO₂当量	2.80×10⁻⁹ species/kg
	酸化^[49]	SO₂	2.12×10⁻⁷ species/kg
	酸化^[49]	NO_x	7.63×10⁻⁸ species/kg
	光化学臭氧形成^[35]	NO_x	1.29×10⁻⁷ species/kg
	光化学臭氧形成^[35]	VOCs	3.74×10⁻⁸ species/kg
资源	化石燃料^[50]	煤炭	2.50×10⁻¹ MJ/kg	2 467.42 MJ

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表 4 技术减污降碳协同度

Table 4. Synergistic degree of pollution abatement and carbon reduction

技术	$S_{{\mathrm{SO}}_2} $	$S_{{\mathrm{NO}}_x} $	S_颗粒物	S_VOCs
T1	1.36×10⁻²	2.68×10⁻²	4.73×10⁻¹	0
T2	4.12	7.01×10⁻¹	0	7.83×10⁻¹
T3	1.39×10⁻²	2.51×10⁻²	4.83×10⁻¹	9.08×10⁻¹
T4	3.65×10⁻²	6.59×10⁻²	1.27	2.38
T5	3.50×10⁻³	6.30×10⁻³	1.22×10⁻¹	9.32×10⁻¹
T6	6.40×10⁻³	1.15×10⁻²	2.20×10⁻¹	8.41×10⁻¹
T7	7.90×10⁻³	1.40×10⁻²	2.72×10⁻¹	7.69×10⁻¹
T8	5.60×10⁻³	1.01×10⁻²	1.94×10⁻¹	8.78×10⁻¹
T9	2.39×10⁻²	4.92×10⁻²	8.29×10⁻¹	0
T10	1.36×10⁻²	2.46×10⁻²	4.73×10⁻¹	0
T11	1.02	1.02	1.02	1.02
T12	1.36×10⁻²	2.46×10⁻²	−7.95×10³	0
T13	−5.05×10²	−1.12×10²	0	0
T14	−2.90×10⁻³	−5.20×10⁻³	−9.96×10⁻²	0

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表 5 技术的环境影响核算结果

Table 5. Environmental impact of the technologies

技术	人体健康影响减少量	生态系统影响减少量	资源消耗减少量	环境影响减少总量
T1	3.33×10⁻²	5.54×10⁻³	9.11×10⁻⁴	2.15×10⁻²
T2	4.18×10⁻²	1.08×10⁻²	1.11×10⁻³	2.80×10⁻²
T3	1.35×10⁻²	1.57×10⁻³	6.73×10⁻⁴	8.58×10⁻³
T4	2.30×10⁻²	1.32×10⁻³	9.29×10⁻⁴	1.43×10⁻²
T5	4.35×10⁻²	9.69×10⁻³	1.14×10⁻³	2.87×10⁻²
T6	5.67×10⁻²	9.56×10⁻³	1.99×10⁻³	3.67×10⁻²
T7	2.63×10⁻²	3.96×10⁻³	1.01×10⁻³	1.69×10⁻²
T8	2.54×10⁻²	4.56×10⁻³	8.42×10⁻⁴	1.65×10⁻²
T9	6.12×10⁻²	4.52×10⁻³	3.21×10⁻³	3.84×10⁻²
T10	2.20×10⁻²	2.55×10⁻³	1.10×10⁻³	1.40×10⁻²
T11	6.03×10⁻²	1.50×10⁻¹	−4.34×10⁻²	6.71×10⁻²
T12	6.71×10⁻²	−1.31×10⁻⁵	−5.61×10⁻⁶	4.03×10⁻²
T13	7.59×10⁻²	3.22×10⁻²	−8.47×10⁻⁵	5.36×10⁻²
T14	−1.03×10⁻¹	4.45×10⁻²	−8.54×10⁻³	−5.18×10⁻²

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表 6 不同贴现率下技术污碳减排成本

Table 6. Cost of the technologies synergetic reduction of pollution and carbon reduction under different discount rates

技术	减排成本/（元/t）
技术	贴现率为5%	贴现率为10%	贴现率为15%
T1	−23.76	−22.01	−20.03
T2	−16.07	4.21	27.04
T3	−54.47	−53.76	−52.97
T4	−51.45	−49.52	−47.33
T5	−53.87	−52.55	−51.05
T6	−64.19	−64.09	−63.97
T7	−31.03	−30.84	−30.62
T8	−22.55	−20.58	−18.36
T9	116.00	206.60	309.60
T10	−89.63	−88.37	−86.94
T11	3 505.00	3 667.00	3 851.00
T12	−9.12	−9.08	−9.04
T13	−53.72	−52.69	−51.53
T14	644.50	651.80	660.20

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