Research progress on the characteristics of biochar material and its application in greywater treatment
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摘要:
生物炭具有比表面积大、孔隙度高、表面官能团丰富等优点，在灰水处理方面有较大的应用潜力。介绍了灰水的水质水量特点及常见处理技术，重点对生物炭的性质、改性方法以及生物炭基质在灰水处理方面的国内外应用研究进展进行了综述，并分析了生物炭的再生性能。结果表明：目前应用于灰水处理的生物炭大多是木质源生物炭，木质源生物炭pH处于碱性范围，具有大比表面积、高孔隙度等优点，其比表面积和孔隙度大多数在0~520 m2/g和48%~83%；众多改性方法中，金属盐生物炭改性的研究较多，采用该方法改性后提高了生物炭的吸附能力，并使其磁化从而方便后期的分离回收；生物炭基质多应用于人工湿地、绿墙等生态处理系统进行灰水处理，在最优运行条件下对灰水中有机物、营养物质的去除率均能达到90%，具有良好的应用前景。最后对生物炭在灰水处理应用中存在的问题进行了总结，并从加强新污染物去除、生物炭再生及节能减耗3个方面对未来研究进行了展望。
Abstract:Biochar has the advantages of large specific surface area, high porosity and abundant surface functional groups, and has large potential for application in greywater treatment. The water quality and quantity characteristics of greywater and common treatment technologies were introduced, the properties of biochar, modification methods and the progress of domestic and international applications of biochar substrates in greywater treatment were mainly reviewed, and the regeneration performance of biochar was analyzed. The results showed that most of the biochar currently applied in greywater treatment was wood-derived biochar which has an alkaline range of pH and the advantages of large specific surface area and high porosity, and its specific surface area and porosity were mostly in the range of 0-520 m2/g and 48%-83%. Among numerous modification methods, there were many studies on the modification of metal salt biochar. This method could improve the adsorption capacity of biochar and make it magnetized, making it convenient for later separation and recovery. The biochar matrix was mostly used in constructed wetlands, green walls and other ecological treatment systems for greywater treatment, and the removal rate of organic matter and nutrients in greywater could reach 90% under optimal operating conditions, which had good application prospects. Finally, the problems in the application of biochar in greywater treatment were summarized, and an outlook on three aspects of the research was provided, including strengthening the removal of new pollutants, the regeneration of biochar and the energy saving and consumption reduction.
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Key words:
- greywater treatment /
- substrate /
- biochar /
- modification /
- regeneration
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表 1 不同来源灰水水质
Table 1. Water quality analysis of greywater from different sources
灰水来源 地区 年份 COD/(mg/L) 浊度/NTU 氨氮浓度/
(mg/L)TN浓度/
(mg/L)TP浓度/
(mg/L)表面活性剂
浓度/(mg/L)总大肠菌群数/
(MPN/mL)洗浴灰水 中国北京[8] 2017 80.4~145.6 50.3~80.7 12.3~17.8 1.3~1.9 6.2~9.5 中国成都[9] 2021 70.2~182.5 3.5~8.7 5.2~13.3 0.8~3.7 4.1~12.6 巴西圣保罗州[7] 2017 273 50.3 5.3 4×103 洗衣灰水 韩国首尔[10] 2022 139.2±5.5 4.2±0.4 0.1±0.0 中国宿迁[11] 2022 286 2.06 0.083 33.4 中国南方某村庄[6] 2021 503±234 4.3±3.9 11.4±5.9 0.5±0.3 45.4±26.9 厨房灰水 意大利帕多瓦市[12] 2021 855 139 6.89 15.7 印度卡拉格普尔[13] 2022 30±3 13±2 中国南方某村庄[6] 2021 478±110 4.7±2.1 14.3±4.4 1.1±0.4 14.1±8.5 混合灰水 希腊克里特岛[14] 2016 466 162 33 1.3 4.8×103 印度乌塔拉汗省[15] 2020 554 150 14 8 中国重庆[16] 2016 39~251 2.8~16.8 3.4~23.2 0.3~3.8 5.7~44 
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表 2 相关研究中应用于灰水处理的生物炭性质对比
Table 2. Comparison of the properties of biochar applied in greywater treatment in related studies
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表 4 国内外不同生物炭工艺处理灰水效果对比
Table 4. Comparison of the effects of different biochar processes at home and abroad in treating greywater
生物炭工艺 生物炭原料 进水浓度/(mg/L) 去除率/% COD NH4 +-N TP 表面活性剂 COD NH4 +-N TP 表面活性剂 潮汐流人工湿地 核桃壳[25] 185 30 5 50 69.6±8.2 36.2±9.1 79.3 吸附-生物处理系统 果壳、木材等[8] 80.4~145.6 12.3~17.8 1.3~1.9 6.2~9.5 80.4 80 90 椰壳[16] 169~332 1.7~2.8 87.6 1.16 1） 吸附-催化体系 椰壳[46] 120~180 20~50 2.5~4 5~25 88 75 66 88 绿墙 木屑[27] 250~300 4.36±6.33 50.7±28.5 16.7±33.9 71.4±21.7 香蕉[5] 2 004 16.9 71 99 硬木[40] 332±103 7±3 19±6 95 柳树[42] 1389 3.7 3.6 99.1 89.3 1）为出水浓度，mg/L。
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