Research on the path to achieve the goal of realizing "zero-waste" of coal gangue in China
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摘要:
为解决煤矸石大量堆积造成的环境污染问题，基于“无废城市”建设理念和经验提出了煤矸石“无废”化目标。在分析我国煤矸石产生、分布及理化性质的基础上，从煤炭清洁高效利用和减污降碳2个方面论述实现煤矸石“无废”化的必要性，阐述实现我国煤矸石“无废”化的政策基础、技术现状和存在的问题。建议我国在建设绿色生态煤矿、提高煤矸石综合利用水平、研发煤矸石综合利用技术、制定煤矸石综合利用产品标准4个方面开展工作；加快实现以井下采选充一体化、矿井充填、采坑以及塌陷区回填生态修复为核心的煤矸石综合利用技术工业化应用；构建“发电—有用（价）组分回收或利用—高性能建材或农业应用或矿井充填”的资源化利用产业链，实现煤矸石中多组分梯级分质高值化利用，以保障我国煤矸石“无废”化目标顺利实现。
Abstract:In order to solve the environmental pollution problems caused by the massive accumulation of coal gangue, the goal of realizing "zero-waste" of coal gangue was proposed based on the concept and experience of "zero-waste city". Based on the analysis of the generation, distribution, and physicochemical properties of coal gangue in China, the necessity of the goal of realizing "zero-waste" of coal gangue was discussed from two aspects of the clean and efficient utilization of coal and the reduction of pollution and carbon. The policy basis, technical status quo and existing problems of achieving the goal of realizing "zero-waste" of coal gangue in China were analyzed. It was suggested that China should carry out the work in four aspects: building green ecological coal mines, improving the comprehensive utilization rate of coal gangue, researching and developing technologies for comprehensive utilization of coal gangue resources, and formulating product standards for comprehensive utilization of coal gangue. It was suggested to accelerate the industrialization application of coal gangue comprehensive utilization technologies centered on the integration of underground coal dressing and backfilling, mine filling, pit backfilling, and ecological restoration of collapsed areas, and build a resource-based utilization industrial chain of "power generation - recycling or utilization of useful (valuable) components - high-performance building materials or agricultural applications or mine backfilling" to realize the high-value utilization of multi-component gradation in coal gangue. These measures would ensure the smooth realization of the goal of realizing "zero-waste" of coal gangue in China.
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Key words:
- coal gangue /
- zero-waste /
- source reduction /
- resource utilization /
- harmless scale consumption /
- path
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图 1 2017—2021年全国煤炭产生和消费情况统计[5]
注：2017—2020年我国煤炭产量和消费量来源于国家统计局官网；2021年我国煤炭产量数据来源于国家矿山安全监察局官网；2021年我国煤炭消费量数据根据国家统计局公布的2021年全国煤炭消费量同比增长4.6%计算得到。
Figure 1. China's coal production and consumption data from 2017 to 2021
图 2 2017—2021年全国煤矸石产生和利用统计数据[6]
Figure 2. China's coal gangue production and utilization data from 2017 to 2021
图 3 2021年全国各省（区、市）煤炭产量[7]
Figure 3. China's coal production data of various provinces in 2021
图 4 2021年全国主要地区煤矸石产生情况统计数据[6]
Figure 4. China's coal gangue production data of main provinces in 2021
图 5 2021年全国主要企业煤炭产量统计[9]
Figure 5. Coal production data of China's main enterprises in 2021
图 6 实现我国煤矸石“无废”化的技术
Figure 6. Technology of realizing "zero-waste" of coal gangue in China
图 7 2020年煤矸石综合利用技术分布占比[21]
Figure 7. Proportion of comprehensive utilization technology of coal gangue in 2020
分类指标 类型 全硫含量/% ≤1.00 低硫煤矸石 1.00~3.00 中硫煤矸石 3.00~6.00 中高硫煤矸石 >6.00 高硫煤矸石 灰分质量占比/% ≤70.00 低灰煤矸石 70.00~85.00 中灰煤矸石 >85.00 高灰煤矸石 钙镁含量占比/% >10 钙镁型煤矸石 ≤10 铝硅型煤矸石 铝硅比/% ≤0.30 低级铝硅比煤矸石 0.30~0.50 中级铝硅比煤矸石 >0.50 高级铝硅比煤矸石 碳含量/% ≤4.00 低碳煤矸石 4.00~6.00 中碳煤矸石 6.00~20.00 中高碳煤矸石 >20.00 高碳煤矸石 
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表 2 煤矸石等固体废物综合利用办法、指导意见和标准
Table 2. Measures, guiding opinions and standards for comprehensive utilization of solid waste including coal gangue
名称 重点内容 《煤矸石综合利用管理办法》（2014年） 对煤矸石的综合利用提出明确要求 《关于“十四五”大宗工业固体废弃物综合利用指导意见》（2021年） 鼓励煤矸石作为建筑材料、生态修复材料等应用在工程建设和土地修复中；开展煤矸石有价组分的提取与利用；推广“煤矸石井下充填+地面回填”技术；建立“梯级回收+生态修复+封存保护”煤矸石利用体系 《“十四五”能源领域科技创新规划》（2021年） 集中攻关固体废物充填采煤技术，建设典型固废资源化利用示范项目 《2030年前碳达峰行动方案》（2021年） 支持煤矸石等固体废物大掺量、规模化、高值化利用，鼓励固体废物替代非金属矿物原料以及砂石等资源 GB 18599—2020《一般工业固体废物贮存和填埋污染控制标准》 明确煤矸石等固体废物充填或回填等工艺技术中污染物控制要求 DB15/T 2763—2022《一般工业固体废物用于矿山采坑回填和生态恢复技术规范》 规定了内蒙古地区利用煤矸石等一般工业固体废物对矿山采坑进行回填和生态恢复的技术要求
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