基于量子加权最小门限单元网络的出水COD预测

张玉泽; 姚立忠; 罗海军

doi:10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20221049

基于量子加权最小门限单元网络的出水COD预测

doi: 10.12153/j.issn.1674-991X.20221049

张玉泽^1,,
姚立忠^2, ,,
罗海军^{2, 3}

1.
重庆科技学院电气工程学院
2.
重庆师范大学物理与电子工程学院
3.
重庆国家应用数学中心

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(51805059)；重庆师范大学基金项目(22XLB014)；重庆市教委科学技术研究项目（KJQN202200531）

详细信息

作者简介:
张玉泽(1997—)，男，硕士研究生，主要从事污水水质参数智能化检测研究，xiaowo970510@163.com

通讯作者:
姚立忠(1985—)，男，副教授，博士，主要从事智能化测控、深度学习研究，lizhong_yao@cqnu.edu.cn

中图分类号: X832
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-10-24

Prediction of effluent COD based on quantum weighted minimal gated unit network

ZHANG Yuze^1
,,
YAO Lizhong^{2
, ,},
LUO Haijun^{2, 3}

1.
School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology
2.
College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing Normal University
3.
Chongqing National Center for Applied Mathematics

摘要

摘要:
出水化学需氧量（COD）的快速准确测量对于污水处理过程水质的动态调控至关重要。针对出水COD难以实时检测的问题，提出一种基于量子加权最小门限单元（QWMGU）神经网络的出水COD预测方法。先通过多维单步（滑动窗口）预测技术构建时间序列；然后在最小门限单元（MGU）遗忘门、候选状态与输出环节设计量子计算机制，通过更新量子相移门矩阵替代MGU权值矩阵的更新，赋予网络神经元量子特性，并给出QWMGU模型设计的具体规则与构建流程。应用该方法对德州市污水处理厂2020年出水COD进行预测，并与5种流行预测模型进行对比，以检验模型优越性。结果表明：QWMGU网络的相对预测误差优于其他方法，且稳定性较高，其均方根误差、确定系数、平均绝对误差分别为0.073、1、0.047。该模型有助于实现污水处理厂COD的高效在线检测。
- 污水处理 /
- 出水COD /
- 最小门限单元 /
- 量子机制 /
- 模型预测
Abstract:
Rapid and accurate measurement of effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD) was essential for the dynamic regulation of water quality in wastewater treatment processes. In order to solve the problem of real-time detection of COD in the effluent, a COD prediction method based on quantum weighted minimal gate unit (QWMGU) neural network was proposed. The time series was first constructed through a multi-dimensional single-step (sliding window) prediction technique; then quantum computing mechanism was designed in the links of forgetting gate, candidate state and output of the minimal gated unit (MGU). The network neurons were endowed with quantum characteristics by updating the quantum phase shift gate matrix instead of the MGU weight matrix, and the specific rules and construction process of the QWMGU model design were given. The method was applied to the prediction of effluent COD of the wastewater treatment plant in Dezhou City in 2020 and compared with five usual prediction models to test the model's superiority. The results showed that the relative prediction error of the QWMGU network was better than other methods and more stable, with the root mean square error, coefficient of determination and mean absolute error of 0.073, 1 and 0.047, respectively. The model helped to achieve efficient online detection of COD in wastewater treatment plants.
- wastewater treatment /
- chemical oxygen demand in effluent /
- minimal gated unit /
- quantum mechanism /
- model prediction

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图 1 最小门限单元模型结构

Figure 1. Structure of minimal gated unit

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图 2 QWMGU模型调配原理

Figure 2. Allocation principle of QWMGU model

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图 3 QWMGU模型结构

Figure 3. Architecture of QWMGU model

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图 4 QWMGU预测模型训练流程

Figure 4. Training process of QWMGU prediction model

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图 5 MGU与QWMGU模型收敛稳定性对比

注：横坐标为时间步数、隐藏层神经元数目和训练批次组成的超参数组合。

Figure 5. Comparison of convergence stability between MGU and QWMGU models

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图 6 6种模型预测值与实际值对比

Figure 6. Comparison of predicted value and actual value of six models

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图 7 6种模型Loss曲线对比

Figure 7. Comparison of Loss curves of six models

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表 1 出水COD预测模型相关变量

Table 1. Relevant variables of COD concentration prediction model for effluent water

采集时间 (2020-01-01)	COD/ (mg/L)	NH₃-N浓度/(mg/L)	WD/m³	TP浓度/ (mg/L)	TN浓度/ (mg/L)	pH
00:00 01:00 02:00	21.6 20.1 20.1	5.29 4.87 4.87	2632 2636 2628	0.26 0.26 0.26	16.7 16.7 16.6	8.44 8.44 8.44

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表 2 5种时间步数预测结果对比

Table 2. Comparison of prediction results of five timesteps

时间步数	RMSE	MAE	R²	训练时间/s
3 6 9 12 24	0.073 0.069 0.110 0.145 0.055	0.047 0.041 0.089 0.111 0.033	1.000 1.000 0.999 0.999 1.000	171.77 235.14 289.78 346.54 572.59
注：加粗字体表示最优结果。下同。

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表 3 7种优化器预测结果对比

Table 3. Comparison of prediction results of seven optimizers

优化器	RMSE	MAE	R²	MSE	min_E	max_E	训练时间/s
Adam Sgd Agd Mon Fo Rms Pgd	0.073 0.530 0.152 0.408 — 0.509 0.367	0.047 0.415 0.295 0.292 — 0.345 0.283	1.000 0.981 0.998 0.988 — 0.982 0.991	0.007 0.281 0.017 0.295 — 0.259 0.135	0.000 1 0.085 0 0.000 1 0.002 1 — 0.000 2 0.000 2	1.174 2.824 1.167 1.899 — 4.445 2.484	171.77 154.39 191.48 157.88 105.59 164.37 151.85
注：—为未收敛。min_E和max_E分别为样本实际值与预测值绝对误差的最小值和最大值。

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表 4 6种模型量化预测结果对比

Table 4. Comparison of quantitative prediction results of six models

预测模型	RMSE	MAE	R²	MSE	min_E	max_E	训练时间/s
LSTM GRU MGU QWLSTM QWGRU QWMGU	0.132 0.143 0.153 0.119 0.121 0.073	0.081 0.082 0.089 0.078 0.078 0.047	0.998 0.998 0.998 0.999 0.999 1.000	0.027 0.020 0.032 0.016 0.019 0.007	2.84×10⁻⁵ 3.99×10⁻⁵ 3.02×10⁻⁵ 2.93×10⁻⁵ 2.72×10⁻⁵ 1.13×10^-5	1.889 2.216 2.177 1.148 1.490 1.174	215.97 190.36 169.48 217.83 198.24 171.77

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