Distribution characteristics and influencing factors of invasive herbaceous plants in the coastal zone of Daqing River system
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摘要:
在雄安新区建设大背景下,保障大清河水系生物安全十分重要。为研究大清河水系入侵植物分布规律,探讨影响入侵植物分布的驱动因子,对大清河水系河湖滨岸带开展植被调查,识别滨岸带入侵植物,判定物种的入侵等级,分析物种入侵分布与环境因子和人类活动因素之间的相关性,并提出雄安新区面临的植物入侵风险及防范措施。结果表明:大清河水系有24种入侵植物,其中苋科和菊科合计占54.2%,一年生物种、无意引入物种分别占83.3%、62.5%,原产地为美洲的占62.5%,反枝苋、鬼针草、圆叶牵牛、鳢肠、大狼杷草、苘麻6种植物为流域内广布种;入侵植物种数和入侵性在流域中游的拒马河上游房山山区段、流域下游的牤牛河霸州城市段以及100 m高程分界线附近的山区—平原交接区明显高于其他区域;人类活动是影响植物入侵程度的主要因素,路网密度、建设用地面积占比越高,越有利于入侵植物的分布与扩散;大清河水系植物入侵程度尚可控,但需要在雄安新区建设过程中重视植物入侵定居及扩散风险,早做防范。
Abstract:In the context of the construction of Xiong'an New Area, it is very important to ensure the biological safety of Daqing River system. In order to study the distribution of invasive plants in Daqing River system and explore the driving factors affecting the distribution, the vegetation in the river/lake riparian zone of Daqing River system was investigated. The invasive plants in the riparian zone were identified, the invasion grade of each species determined, the correlation between the distribution of species invasion and influencing factors including natural environment and human activities analyzed, and the risk of plant invasion and preventive measures in Xiong'an New Area put forward. The results showed that there were 24 species of invasive plants in Daqing River system, 54.2% of the invasive species were amaranth and compositae, the annual species and unintroduced species accounted for 83.3% and 62.5%, respectively, and 62.5% of the invasive plants originated from American. Six kinds of plants, including Amaranthus retroflexus, Bidens pilosa, Pharbitis purpurea, Eclipta prostrata, Bidens frondosa, Abutilon theophrasti, were widely distributed in the basin. There were three regions in which the number of species and invasiveness of invasive plants were significantly higher than that in other regions, including Fangshan mountain section in the upper reaches of Juma River in the middle reaches of the basin, Bazhou urban section of Mangniu River in the lower reaches of the basin, and the plain and mountain junction area near the 100 m elevation boundary. Human activity was the main factor affecting the degree of plant invasion. The higher the road network density and the proportion of construction land, the more conducive to the distribution and diffusion of invasive plants. The degree of plant invasion in Daqing River system could be controlled currently, but it was necessary to pay attention to the risk of plant invasion, settlement, and diffusion during the construction of Xiong'an New Area and take early precautions.
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Key words:
- Daqing River system /
- Xiong'an New Area /
- riparian zone /
- invasive plants /
- human activities
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表 1 大清河水系滨岸带入侵植物性状
Table 1. Characteristics of invasive plants in riparian area of Daqing river system
科 属 物种 生活型 果实类型 原产地 入侵途径 入侵等级 苋科 莲子草属 空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides) 多年生草本 胞果 南美洲 有意引进 1 苋属 凹头苋(Amaranthus lividus) 一年生草本 胞果 热带美洲 无意引进 2 刺苋(Amaranthus spinosus) 一年生草本 胞果 热带美洲 无意引进 1 反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus) 一年生草本 胞果 热带美洲 人工引种 1 合被苋(Amaranthus polygonoides) 一年生草本 胞果 热带美洲、墨西哥 无意引进 2 苋(Amaranthus tricolor) 一年生草本 胞果 印度 人工引种 3 皱果苋(Amaranthus viridis) 一年生草本 胞果 热带非洲 无意引进 2 菊科 白酒草属 小蓬草(Conyza canadensi) 一年生草本 瘦果 北美洲 无意引进或自然扩散 1 鬼针草属 大狼杷草(Bidens frondosa) 一年生草本 瘦果 北美洲 无意引进 1 鬼针草(Bidens pilosa) 一年生草本 瘦果 美洲 无意引进 1 鳢肠属 鳢肠(Eclipta prostrata) 一年生草本 瘦果 美洲 无意引进 4 向日葵属 菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus) 多年生草本 瘦果 北美洲 有意引进 4 紫菀属 钻叶紫菀(Aster subulatus) 一年生草本 瘦果 北美洲 无意引进 1 藜科 藜属 灰绿藜(Chenopodium glaucum) 一年生草本 胞果 不详 无意引进 4 小藜(Chenopodium serotinum) 一年生草本 胞果 欧洲 无意引进 4 旋花科 牵牛属 牵牛(Pharbitis nil) 一年生缠绕草本 蒴果 南美洲 人工引种 2 圆叶牵牛(Pharbitis purpurea) 一年生缠绕草本 蒴果 热带美洲 人工引种 1 锦葵科 木槿属 野西瓜苗(Hibiscus trionum) 一年生直立或平卧草本 蒴果 非洲 无意引进 4 苘麻属 苘麻(Abutilon theophrasti) 一年生亚灌木状草本 蒴果 印度 无意引进 3 大戟科 大戟属 通奶草(Euphorbia hypericifolia) 一年生草本 蒴果 美洲 无意引进 3 豆科 草木犀属 草木犀(Melilotus officinalis) 二年生草本 荚果 西亚—南欧 有意引进 4 禾本科 虎尾草属 虎尾草(Chloris virgata) 一年生草本 颖果 非洲 无意引进 4 茄科 曼陀罗属 曼陀罗(Datura stramonium) 一年生草本或半灌木状草本 蒴果 热带美洲、墨西哥 有意引进 2 莎草科 莎草属 香附子(Carex heterostachya) 多年生草本 小坚果 印度 不详 4 表 2 不同类别采样点的入侵植物情况
Table 2. Invasive plants at different classification points
采样点类别 入侵物种名称 入侵物种
总数/种采样点入侵
物种数均值/种采样点入侵
强度均值L1 反枝苋、小蓬草、大狼杷草、鬼针草、鳢肠、小藜、牵牛、圆叶牵牛、苘麻、通奶草、曼陀罗、香附子、合被苋、灰绿藜 14 6 14.1 L2 反枝苋、小蓬草、大狼杷草、鬼针草、鳢肠、小藜、牵牛、圆叶牵牛、苘麻、曼陀罗、凹头苋、合被苋、皱果苋、草木犀 14 5 11.2 L3 反枝苋、小蓬草、大狼杷草、鬼针草、鳢肠、菊芋、小藜、牵牛、圆叶牵牛、苘麻、曼陀罗、香附子、空心莲子草、刺苋、苋、皱果苋、钻叶紫菀、野西瓜苗、虎尾草 19 4 7 L4 反枝苋、大狼杷草、鳢肠、小藜、苘麻、曼陀罗、香附子、皱果苋、草木犀 9 2 2.9 表 3 各环境因素多重比较的差异显著性
Table 3. Significance of difference of multiple comparisons of various environmental factors
环境因素 海拔 蜿蜒度 年均降水量 路网密度 建设用地面积占比 耕地面积占比 差异
显著性0.274 0.239 0.248 0.003* 0.05* 0.85 注:**表示P<0.01,*表示P<0.05。 表 4 各类采样点的环境因素差异显著性检验
Table 4. Significance test of environmental factors of various sample points
环境因素 采样点类别 L1 L2 L3 L4 海拔 L1 1 L2 0.11 1 L3 0.084 0.906 1 L4 0.103 0.902 0.988 1 蜿蜒度 L1 1 L2 0.065 1 L3 0.188 0.51 1 L4 0.081 0.987 0.546 1 年均降水量 L1 1 L2 0.263 1 L3 0.167 0.781 1 L4 0.048* 0.296 0.418 1 路网密度 L1 1 L2 0.679 1 L3 0.091 0.155 1 L4 0.001** 0.001** 0.029* 1 建设用地面积占比 L1 1 L2 0.06 1 L3 0.038* 0.843 1 L4 0.007** 0.276 0.353 1 耕地面积占比 L1 1 L2 0.976 1 L3 0.597 0.582 1 L4 0.499 0.481 0.838 1 注:**表示P<0.01,*表示P<0.05。 表 5 入侵植物分布与各环境指标间的相关系数
Table 5. Correlation coefficient between the distribution of invasive plants and each environmental index
项目 海拔 蜿蜒度 年均降水量 路网密度 建设用地面积占比1) 耕地面积占比1) 入侵物种数 0.083 0.052 −0.289 0.529** 0.352* −0.138 入侵强度 0.298 0.228 −0.309 0.560** 0.385* −0.140 1)为采样点周围1 km缓冲区范围内的指标值。 -
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